Table 1.
Participant characteristics.
| Yang deficiency (n = 673) | Yin deficiency (n = 673) | Phlegm stasis (n = 673) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (n = 81) | No (n = 592) | P value | Yes (n = 174) | No (n = 499) | P value | Yes (n = 86) | No (n = 587) | P value | |
| Age (years) | 57.57 ± 11.97 | 59.21 ± 10.60 | 0.20 | 60.01 ± 11.18 | 58.67 ± 10.63 | 0.16 | 59.21 ± 11.13 | 58.98 ± 10.74 | 0.86 |
| Female, n (%) | 59 (72.84) | 271 (45.78) | <0.001‡ | 100 (57.47) | 230 (46.09) | <0.01† | 57 (66.28) | 273 (46.51) | <0.001‡ |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.05 ± 4.26 | 25.67 ± 4.07 | 0.44 | 25.64 ± 3.69 | 25.74 ± 4.23 | 0.76 | 27.11 ± 4.68 | 25.51 ± 3.97 | <0.01† |
| WAIST (cm) | 88.04 ± 10.77 | 89.01 ± 10.46 | 0.43 | 87.83 ± 10.10 | 89.27 ± 10.61 | 0.12 | 91.98 ± 11.93 | 88.44 ± 10.20 | 0.01∗ |
| Lifestyle factors | |||||||||
| Smoke history, yes, n (%) | 4 (4.93) | 34 (5.74) | 0.77 | 8 (4.59) | 30 (6.01) | 0.49 | 6 (6.97) | 32 (5.45) | 0.57 |
| Alcohol usage, yes, n (%) | 0 (0) | 21 (3.54) | 0.09 | 2 (1.14) | 19 (3.80) | 0.08 | 0 (0) | 21 (3.57) | 0.07 |
| Exercise habits, yes, n (%) | 59 (72.83) | 475 (80.23) | 0.12 | 132 (75.86) | 402 (80.56) | 0.19 | 56 (65.11) | 478 (81.43) | <0.001‡ |
| Diabetic factors | |||||||||
| FBS (mg/dL) | 149.68 ± 60.61 | 144.98 ± 45.72 | 0.50 | 147.71 ± 53.87 | 144.8 ± 45.43 | 0.52 | 147.84 ± 41.99 | 145.21 ± 48.53 | 0.63 |
| HbAlc (%) | 7.87 ± 1.78 | 7.78 ± 1.67 | 0.67 | 7.86 ± 1.86 | 7.77 ± 1.61 | 0.58 | 8.08 ± 1.73 | 7.75 ± 1.67 | 0.08 |
| DMH (year) | 8.20 ± 7.40 | 8.28 ± 7.28 | 0.93 | 8.61 ± 7.34 | 8.15 ± 7.27 | 0.48 | 8.02 ± 6.82 | 8.31 ± 7.36 | 0.74 |
| OHA use, yes, n (%) | 75 (92.59) | 562 (94.93) | 0.38 | 165 (94.82) | 472 (94.58) | 0.90 | 81 (94.18) | 556 (94.71) | 0.84 |
| Insulin usage, yes, n (%) | 32 (39.51) | 147 (24.83) | <0.01† | 61 (35.06) | 118 (23.65) | <0.01† | 28 (32.56) | 151 (25.72) | 0.18 |
| Lipid profile | |||||||||
| TC (mg/dL) | 177.79 ± 39.74 | 175.46 ± 36.26 | 0.59 | 173.32 ± 35.84 | 176.58 ± 36.95 | 0.31 | 180.95 ± 41.93 | 174.97 ± 35.81 | 0.21 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 160.1 ± 120.29 | 156.82 ± 180.37 | 0.83 | 149.73 ± 91.91 | 159.82 ± 194.46 | 0.37 | 163.88 ± 136.23 | 156.24 ± 179.13 | 0.64 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 52.24 ± 13.49 | 52.96 ± 14.78 | 0.68 | 51.68 ± 13.68 | 53.29 ± 14.93 | 0.21 | 51.51 ± 14.17 | 53.07 ± 14.69 | 0.36 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 110.37 ± 31.97 | 106.9 ± 32.47 | 0.37 | 106.64 ± 33.85 | 107.56 ± 31.91 | 0.75 | 114.08 ± 36.41 | 106.33 ± 31.69 | 0.04∗ |
| Blood pressure | |||||||||
| SBP (mmHg) | 131.14 ± 17.05 | 131.58 ± 14.37 | 0.82 | 131.35 ± 15.57 | 131.59 ± 14.41 | 0.85 | 131.90 ± 16.21 | 131.47 ± 14.49 | 0.80 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 78.91 ± 11.31 | 78.38 ± 8.74 | 0.68 | 77.68 ± 9.93 | 78.70 ± 8.76 | 0.23 | 77.50 ± 10.09 | 78.58 ± 8.93 | 0.30 |
| GPT (U/L) | 29.28 ± 30.00 | 29.00 ± 23.53 | 0.94 | 28.43 ± 28.99 | 29.24 ± 22.57 | 0.74 | 32.52 ± 30.82 | 28.52 ± 23.27 | 0.25 |
| Renal parameters | |||||||||
| Microalbumin (mg/dL) | 27.85 ± 86.83 | 21.97 ± 72.16 | 0.56 | 28.12 ± 92.32 | 20.77 ± 66.49 | 0.34 | 27.47 ± 89.66 | 21.97 ± 71.52 | 0.59 |
| Cr (mg/dL) | 1.09 ± 0.46 | 1.14 ± 0.63 | 0.39 | 1.19 ± 0.63 | 1.12 ± 0.61 | 0.19 | 1.09 ± 0.49 | 1.14 ± 0.63 | 0.34 |
| eGFR (ml/min) | 69.56 ± 24.42 | 71.01 ± 21.52 | 0.57 | 67.22 ± 23.72 | 72.10 ± 21.07 | 0.01∗ | 70.64 ± 23.35 | 70.86 ± 21.67 | 0.93 |
| ALB/CR (ug/mg) | 475.24 ± 2008.6 | 233.91 ± 935.92 | 0.29 | 319.95 ± 1386.8 | 243.08 ± 1013.1 | 0.50 | 316.61 ± 1238.90 | 255.10 ± 1103.70 | 0.64 |
| Diabetic neuropathy, yes, n (%) | 63 (77.78) | 14 (2.36) | 0.08 | 48 (27.59) | 29 (5.81) | 0.01∗ | 64 (74.42) | 13 (2.21) | 0.25 |
Data were presented as mean ± SD for continuous variable and as number (%) for categorical variable.
P values were calculated using the chi-square test for categorical variable and t-test for continuous variable ∗ P < 0.05, † P < 0.01, and ‡ P < 0.001.
BMI, body mass index; FBS, fasting blood sugar; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; DMH, duration of diabetic mellitus; OHA, oral hypoglycemic agent; TC, total cholesterol; TG, total triacylglycerol; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; GPT, glutamic pyruvic transaminase; Cr, creatinine; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ALB/CR, microalbumin to creatinine ratio.