Fig. 2.

Outline of the knowledge coproduction approach developed and evaluated across four case studies. The approach moves through three phases from codesigning the project, coproducing the knowledge using a social–ecological systems (SES) approach with scenario planning, and finally collaboratively designing and implementing responses to manage ecosystem services to mitigate natural hazard impacts. The groups of participants in each phase are indicated and include knowledge brokers leading and facilitating the case study, assessment teams of technical experts, implementers from public and private sectors, and bridging agents who interface between the research and implementation contexts.