Table 1.
Most well validated depression screening questionnaires for people with diabetes
| Assessment tool | Type of diabetes (n) | Type of validation studies in diabetes (n) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary Care Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) [67] | ||||
| Self-report measure of depressive symptoms that assessed DSM-IVTR diagnostic criteria for Major Depressive Disorder | Type 1 | 6 | Incidence/prevalence | 8 |
| Type 2 | 11 | Observational | 16 | |
| Not reported | 16 | RCT | 1 | |
| Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) [65] | ||||
| 21-item self-report measure of depressive symptom severity in the prior 2 wk period. | Type 1 | 25 | Incidence/prevalence | 11 |
| Type 2 | 17 | Observational | 34 | |
| Not reported | 19 | Case–control | 4 | |
| Experimental | 6 | |||
| Center for Epidemiologic Studies – Depression | ||||
| Scale (CESD) [66] | ||||
| 20-item self-report questionnaire assessing depressive symptom severity. | Type 1 | 10 | Incidence/prevalence | 17 |
| Type 2 | 28 | Observational | 43 | |
| Not reported | 20 | Case–control | 4 | |
| Validity | 3 | |||
| Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) [68] | ||||
| Brief self-report questionnaire assessing symptoms of both anxiety (7 items) and depression (7 items) during the past wk | Type 1 | 9 | Incidence/prevalence | 6 |
| Type 2 | 11 | Observational | 20 | |
| Not reported | 12 | RCT | 3 | |
Adapted from: Roy T, Lloyd CE, Pouwer F, Holt RI, Sartorius N. Screening tools used for measuring depression among people with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Diabetes Med. 2012;29:164–75) [64•].