Table 2.
Prevalence and crude odds ratios (COR) of factors associated with hypertension prevalence and awareness, in South Asian Immigrants, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE, 2012 (n = 1,375)
| Hypertension | Awareness | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | All | n (%) | COR (95 % CI) | P | n (%) | COR (95 % CI) | P |
| Nationality | |||||||
| India | 433 | 150 (34.6) | 1.0 | 33 (22.0) | 1.0 | ||
| Pakistan | 383 | 108 (28.2) | 0.74 (0.55, 0.99) | 0.049 | 30 (28.3) | 1.35 (0.76, 2.39) | 0.250 |
| Bangladesh | 559 | 161 (28.8) | 0.76 (0.58, 0.99) | 0.049 | 36 (23.1) | 1.02 (0.60, 1.76) | 0.822 |
| Age group | |||||||
| 18-35 years | 810 | 179 (22.1) | 1.0 | 19 (10.9) | 1.0 | 1.000 | |
| 36-45 years | 307 | 115 (37.5) | 2.11 (1.58, 2.81) | 0.000 | 26 (23.2) | 2.45 (1.28, 4.68) | 0.007 |
| 46+ years | 200 | 111 (55.5) | 4.39 (3.18, 6.08) | 0.000 | 51 (46.8) | 7.13 (3.88, 13.08) | 0.000 |
| Monthly income | |||||||
| Bottom quartile | 371 | 94 (25.3) | 1.0 | 13 (13.9) | 1.0 | ||
| Second quartile | 290 | 89 (30.7) | 1.30 (0.92, 1.83) | 0.13 | 21 (12.1) | 1.96 (0.91, 4.210 | 0.085 |
| Third quartile | 399 | 132 (33.1) | 1.46 (1.06, 1.99) | 0.02 | 33 (25.8) | 2.13 (1.05, 4.33) | 0.035 |
| Top quartile | 315 | 104 (33.0) | 1.45 (1.04, 2.02) | 0.03 | 32 (30.8) | 2.73 (1.33, 5.61) | 0.006 |
| Education | |||||||
| No formal schooling | 173 | 35 (20.2) | 0.61 (0.36, 1.01 | 0.06 | 5 (14.3) | 0.68 (0.20, 2.33) | 0.548 |
| Primary or middle | 473 | 149 (31.5) | 1.09 (0.72, 1.66) | 0.653 | 40 (27.4) | 1.15 (0.66, 3.65) | 0.310 |
| Secondary or high school | 586 | 192 (32.7) | 1.16 (0.77, 1.74) | 0.459 | 46 (24.5) | 1.33 (0.57, 3.09 | 0.499 |
| College or university | 139 | 41 (29.5) | 1.0 | 8 (19.5) | 1.0 | ||
| Occupation | |||||||
| Driver | 317 | 94 (29.6) | 1.38 (0.94, 2.04) | 0.097 | 29 (30.8) | 2.97 (1.30, 6.79) | 0.010 |
| Laborer | 234 | 71 (30.3) | 1.43 (0.95, 2.16) | 0.086 | 9 (13.0) | 1.0 | |
| Construction worker | 172 | 64 (37.2) | 1.95 (1.26, 3.00 | 0.002 | 11 (17.7) | 1.43 (0.55, 3.74) | 0.457 |
| Agriculture worker | 236 | 55 (23.3) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 11 (21.1) | 1.79 (0.68, 4.70) | 0.238 |
| Salesman | 79 | 26 (32.9) | 1.61 (0.92, 2.82) | 0.092 | 9 (34.6) | 3.52 (1.21, 10.28) | 0.021 |
| Professional, office worker | 95 | 29 (30.5) | 1.44 (0.85, 2.45) | 0.173 | 7 (23.3) | 2.02 (0.67, 6.08) | 0.207 |
| Business/shop keeper | 60 | 24 (40.0) | 2.19 (1.21, 3.99) | 0.010 | 7 (29.2) | 2.74 (0.89, 8.45) | 0.079 |
| Hospitality worker | 71 | 19 (26.8) | 1.20 (0.65, 2.20) | 0.551 | 8 (42.1) | 4.85 (1.54, 15.29) | 0.007 |
| Tailor | 70 | 24 (34.3) | 1.72 (0.96, 3.06) | 0.067 | 4 (16.7) | 1.33 (0.37, 4.80) | 0.660 |
| Other | 40 | 12 (30.0) | 1.41 (0.67, 2.96) | 0.363 | 4 (36.4) | 3.80 (0.92, 15.67) | 0.064 |
| Type of accommodation | |||||||
| Shared with non-relatives | 717 | 232 (32.4) | 1.75 (1.17, 2.62) | 0.006 | 55 (23.9) | 1.52 (0.59, 3.84) | 0.378 |
| Shared with family | 152 | 44 (28.9) | 1.49 (0.89, 2.48) | 0.122 | 14 (31.8) | 2.25 (0.76, 6.67) | 0.141 |
| Single accommodation | 153 | 60 (39.2) | 2.36 (1.44, 3.86) | 0.001 | 16 (28.1) | 1.89 (0.66, 5.40) | 0.237 |
| Live with sponsor | 184 | 46 (25.0) | 1.22 (0.74, 2.01) | 0.429 | 8 (17.8) | 1.04 (0.32, 3.35) | 0.941 |
| Live in a labor camp | 168 | 36 (21.3) | 1.0 | 6 (17.1) | 1.0 | ||
| Home country setting | |||||||
| Rural | 932 | 269 (28.9) | 1.0 | 59 (22.3) | 1.0 | ||
| Urban or semi-urban | 426 | 149 (34.9) | 1.32 (1.01, 1.69) | 0.02 | 40 (27.4) | 1.32 (0.82, 2.09) | 0.245 |
| Length of stay in UAE | |||||||
| 1 to 5 years | 547 | 137 (25.1) | 1.0 | 9 (6.7) | 1.0 | ||
| 6 to 10 years | 257 | 78 (30.8) | 1.32 (0.94, 1.81) | 0.11 | 19 (25.3) | 4.75 (2.02, 11.15) | 0.000 |
| >10 years | 414 | 178 (43.0) | 2.26 (1.71, 2.96) | 0.000 | 71 (40.1) | 9.38 (4.47, 19.65) | 0.000 |
| Marital status | |||||||
| Single | 412 | 83 (20.1) | 1.0 | 5 (6.3) | 1.0 | ||
| Married | 963 | 336 (34.9) | 2.12 (1.61, 2.79) | 0.000 | 94 (28.2) | 1.82 (2.28, 14.85) | 0.000 |
| Body mass index – kg/m [2] | |||||||
| <25.0 | 758 | 170 (22.4) | 1.0 | 28 (16.8) | 1.0 | ||
| 25.0 - 29.9 | 486 | 182 (37.4) | 2.07 (1.61, 2.66) | 0.000 | 46 (25.7) | 1.72 (1.01, 2.91) | 0.044 |
| ≥30.0 | 129 | 66 (51.2) | 3.62 (2.46, 5.32) | 0.000 | 24 (36.9) | 2.91 (1.52, 5.55) | 0.001 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | |||||||
| <0.90 cm | 503 | 84 (16.7) | 1.0 | 8 (9.8) | 1.0 | ||
| ≥0.90 cm | 872 | 335 (38.4) | 3.11 (2.37, 4.08) | 0.000 | 91 (27.6) | 3.52 (1.63, 7.59) | 0.001 |
| Waist circumference – cm | |||||||
| Waist < 94 | 925 | 234 (25.3) | 1.0 | 40 (17.4) | 1.0 | ||
| Waist ≥ 94 | 450 | 185 (44.1) | 2.06 (1.62, 2.62) | 0.000 | 59 (32.4) | 2.28 (1.44, 3.61) | 0.000 |
| Smoking ever | |||||||
| Never | 827 | 254 (30.7) | 1.0 | 50 (20.0) | 1.0 | ||
| Ever | 548 | 165 (30.1) | 0.97 (0.76, 1.22) | 0.81 | 49 (30.2) | 1.73 (1.09, 2.73) | 0.081 |
| Smokeless tobacco | |||||||
| 1162 | 346 (29.8) | 1.0 | 83 (24.5) | 1.0 | |||
| Ever | 150 | 53 (35.3) | 1.29 (0.90, 1.84) | 0.17 | 12 (23.1) | 0.92 (0.46, 1.85) | 0.826 |
| Drinking alcohol | |||||||
| Never | 1119 | 302 (26.9) | 1.0 | 82 (27.4) | 1.0 | ||
| Ever | 130 | 45 (34.6) | 1.43 (0.97, 2.10) | 0.07 | 10 (22.2) | 0.75 (0.35, 1.59) | 0.670 |
| Walk for at least 30 minutes daily | |||||||
| Yes | 1018 | 267 (26.2) | 1.0 | 65 (25.0) | 1.0 | ||
| No | 314 | 134 (42.7) | 2.09 (1.61, 2.72) | 0.002 | 33 (24.8) | 0.99 (0.61, 1.60) | 0.463 |
| Family history of hypertension | |||||||
| No | 887 | 223 (25.1) | 1.0 | 52 (23.5) | 1.0 | ||
| Yes | 249 | 91 (36.5) | 1.71 (1.27, 2.31) | 0.000 | 38 (43.2) | 2.47 (1.46, 4.17) | 0.001 |
| Known diabetic | |||||||
| No | 1261 | 358 (28.4) | 1.0 | 66 (18.7) | 1.0 | ||
| Yes | 114 | 61 (53.5) | 2.90 (1.97, 4.28) | 0.000 | 33 (55.0) | 5.29 (2.98, 9.41) | 0.000 |