Table 1.
Baseline data for 18 168 individuals with type 1 diabetes followed for seven years until 2012 according to insulin treatment by insulin pump therapy or multiple daily injections (MDIs). Figures are means (1 SD) unless stated otherwise
| Pump (n=2441) | MDIs (n=15 727) | Standardised difference (%)‡ | P value* | P value† | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 38 (13) | 41 (15) | 3.4 | <0.001 | 0.18 |
| Onset age (years) | 16 (8) | 13 (7) | 1.8 | <0.001 | 0.7 |
| Duration (years) | 25 (12) | 26 (15) | 2.3 | <0.001 | 0.3 |
| % of men | 45.0 | 57.1 | 1.2 | <0.001 | 0.6 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 63 (13) | 64 (14) | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.8 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.9 (1.3) | 8.0 (1.3) | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.8 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 126 (15) | 128 (16) | 1.7 | <0.001 | 0.5 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 73 (8) | 73 (9) | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.7 |
| % taking antihypertensives | 32.0 | 36.7 | 1.1 | <0.001 | 0.7 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.7 (0.9) | 4.8 (0.9) | 2.4 | <0.001 | 0.3 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.6 (0.5) | 1.6 (0.5) | 2.8 | 0.2 | 0.3 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.0 (0.7) | 1.1 (0.8) | 2.7 | <0.001 | 0.6 |
| % taking lipid drugs | 21.0 | 26.4 | 0.6 | <0.001 | 0.8 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.3 (3.8) | 25.4 (4.1) | 0.2 | 0.061 | 0.8 |
| % with low physical activity | 21.8 | 24.0 | 0.4 | 0.01 | 0.7 |
| % of smokers | 10.5 | 13.5 | 2.5 | <0.001 | 0.4 |
| % taking aspirin | 15.0 | 18.8 | 1.4 | <0.001 | 0.6 |
| Creatinine (µmol/L)§ | 82 (46) | 85 (55) | 0.3 | 0.009 | 0.5 |
| % with eGFR <60 | 10.4 | 11.7 | 0.2 | 0.04 | 0.7 |
| % with cumulative albuminuria | 20.7 | 24.0 | 2.5 | <0.001 | 0.3 |
| % with previous CVD | 5.4 | 8.0 | 1.8 | <0.001 | 0.5 |
| % with previous heart failure | 0.9 | 2.3 | 3.2 | <0.001 | 0.9 |
| % with previous atrial fibrillation | 0.6 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 0.05 | 0.9 |
| % with previous cancer | 0.9 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 0.2 | 0.4 |
| % with previous liver diseases | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.7 |
| % with previous mental disorders | 2.0 | 1.8 | 2.6 | 0.6 | 0.3 |
| % with low education level | 9.8 | 19.0 | 3.0 | <0.001 | 0.6 |
| % with medium education level | 52.9 | 53.5 | 1.9 | 0.6 | 0.4 |
| % with high education level | 37.3 | 27.6 | 3.1 | <0.001 | 0.3 |
| Annual income ×10-2 (SK) | 1697 (1184) | 1702 (1203) | 3.9 | 0.9 | 0.10 |
| % single | 51.6 | 51.5 | 1.8 | 0.9 | 0.5 |
| % married | 40.3 | 36.5 | 2.6 | <0.001 | 0.3 |
| % divorced | 7.4 | 10.3 | 0.3 | <0.001 | 0.9 |
| % widow | 0.7 | 1.7 | 1.9 | <0.001 | 0.7 |
| % with baseline year 2005 | 69.4 | 66.9 | 1.7 | 0.01 | 0.5 |
| % with baseline year 2006 | 21.7 | 21.2 | 2.0 | 0.6 | 0.4 |
| % with baseline year 2007 | 11.4 | 9.3 | 0.4 | 0.001 | 0.7 |
HDL=high density lipoprotein; CVD=cardiovascular disease; eGFR=estimated glomerular filtration rate, according to MDRD (modification of diet in renal disease; SK=Swedish kroner (1k=£0.8, €0.11, $0.12).
*Crude values from Student’s t test or χ2 test.
†After adjustment with propensity score including all variables in table, estimated with generalised linear models (SAS Proc Genmod).
‡Value <10% is regarded as sufficient.
§Median (interquartile range) for plasma creatinine: 74 (64-87) µmol/L with pump and 76 (65-90) µmol/L with injections.