Table 2.
Hazard ratio (95% confidence intervals) for various outcomes with insulin pump treatment compared with multiple daily injections (MDIs) in 18 168 people with type 1 diabetes followed for mean of 6.8 years from 2005 to 2012
| No with events (%) | Events/1000 person years | Hazard ratio* (95% CI) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Major endpoints | ||||
| Fatal/non-fatal coronary heart disease: | ||||
| MDIs | 15 727/1058 (6.7) | 10.7 | 1.0 | 0.05 |
| Pump | 2441/97 (4.0) | 6.2 | 0.81 (0.66 to1.01) | |
| Fatal/non-fatal cardiovascular disease: | ||||
| MDIs | 15 727/1294 (8.2) | 13.1 | 1.0 | 0.2 |
| Pump | 2441/129 (5.3) | 8.3 | 0.88 (0.73 to1.06) | |
| Fatal cardiovascular disease: | ||||
| MDIs | 15 727/517 (3.3) | 5.1 | 1.0 | 0.005 |
| Pump | 2441/29 (1.2) | 1.8 | 0.58 (0.40 to 0.85) | |
| Total mortality: | ||||
| MDIs | 15 727/1109 (7.1) | 11.0 | 1.0 | 0.007 |
| Pump | 2441/83 (3.4) | 5.3 | 0.73 (0.58 to 0.92) | |
| Secondary endpoints | ||||
| Fatal coronary heart disease: | ||||
| MDIs | 15 727/453 (2.9) | 4.5 | 1.0 | 0.004 |
| Pump | 2441/24 (1.0) | 1.5 | 0.55 (0.36 to 0.83) | |
| Fatal stroke: | ||||
| MDIs | 15 727/79 (0.5) | 0.8 | 1.0 | 0.4 |
| Pump | 2441/5 (0.2) | 0.3 | 0.67 (0.27 to 1.67) | |
| Non-cardiovascular disease mortality: | ||||
| MDIs | 15 722/592 (3.8) | 5.9 | 1.0 | 0.3 |
| Pump | 2441/54 (2.2) | 3.4 | 0.86 (0.64 to 1.13) | |
*Adjustment by stratification with fifths of propensity score including covariates of age, sex, diabetes duration, histories of cardiovascular disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, cancer, liver disease, mental disorders, education levels, and baseline values of HbA1c, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, current smoking, physical activity, BMI, total and high density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, albuminuria, creatinine, renal insufficiency, antihypertensive drugs, lipid lowering drugs, aspirin, income, educational level, marital status and baseline year.