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. 2015 Jun 22;5:11359. doi: 10.1038/srep11359

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Copyright © 2015, Macmillan Publishers Limited

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a) Simplified diagram (not to scale) of the avian auditory system. The ascending auditory pathway (dark grey arrows) includes a midbrain nucleus (MLd), a thalamic nucleus (Ov) and several cortical regions. The primary auditory cortex (Field L2) connects to the secondary auditory regions Field L3 and L1, which in turn are reciprocally connected to regions analogous to the mammalian auditory association cortex (NCM and medial and lateral CM). (b) Block diagram highlighting parallels between mammalian and songbird circuitry. Adapted from⁶³,⁶⁴,⁶⁵,⁶⁶,⁶⁷.