FIG. 1.

Conceptual diagram of the 1D (a) acrolein, (b) acetaladehyde, and (c) formaldehyde PBPK models used as airway surface boundary conditions for all tissue compartments except olfactory epithelium where saturable metabolism associated with aldehyde dehydrogenases are located only in the subepithelium compartments of the CFD/PBPK models of the rat and human. The basis for these 2-compartment tissue models were described by Schroeter et al. (2008) as modified by Corley et al. (2012). A detailed description of the equations used to compute the coupled 3D CFD/1D PBPK models is provided in the Appendix.