FIG. 5.

Airway surface fluxes of formaldehyde as a representative example of aldehyde uptake in the (a) rat and (b) human CFD/PBPK model using the ventilation profiles shown in Figure 4. Rat simulations were performed at the NOAEL for nasal toxicity in subchronic inhalation studies (1 ppm) over the final full breathing cycle while the human simulation depicts airway fluxes during the initial puff inhalation at a representative cigarette smoke yield as described in Table 3.