Table 5.

Comparison of Craniofacial Structures between OSAS, Obese Control Subjects, and Lean Control Subjects in All Participants

Domain	Variable	Adjusted Mean ± SE*			P Value†	Pairwise Comparisons‡
		OSAS	Obese Controls	Lean Controls		OSAS vs. Obese Controls	OSAS vs. Lean Controls	Obese vs. Lean Controls
Craniofacial angles§	SNA angle, °	87.34 ± 0.62	88.72 ± 0.71	88.48 ± 0.62	0.2710	—	—	—
	SNB angle, °	83.13 ± 0.59	83.77 ± 0.67	83.20 ± 0.59	0.7462	—	—	—
	ANB angle, °	4.19 ± 0.38	4.95 ± 0.43	5.28 ± 0.38	0.1176	—	—	—
	Saddle angle, °	130.38 ± 0.84	129.48 ± 0.97	126.28 ± 0.84	0.0025	0.4841	0.0008	0.0162
	ANS-PNS to Na-sella, °	9.07 ± 0.87	6.51 ± 1.00	8.17 ± 0.87	0.1565	—	—	—
Craniofacial heights and areas║	Lower facial height (LFH), mm	7.08 ± 0.08	7.12 ± 0.09	6.74 ± 0.08	0.0033	0.7560	0.0037	0.0031
	Upper facial height (UFH), mm	4.62 ± 0.06	4.57 ± 0.07	4.62 ± 0.06	0.7675	—	—	—
	Anterior facial height (AFH), mm	11.69 ± 0.11	11.70 ± 0.12	11.33 ± 0.11	0.0374	0.9615	0.0230	0.0326
	UFH/AFH	0.39 ± 0.00	0.39 ± 0.00	0.40 ± 0.00	0.0167	0.3699	0.0403	0.0062
	PNS to anterior arch atlas, mm	3.93 ± 0.07	3.82 ± 0.08	3.63 ± 0.07	0.0092	0.2729	0.0023	0.0817
	Nasooropharyngeal area, mm2	23.99 ± 0.48	24.6 ± 0.56	22.79 ± 0.48	0.0492	0.4078	0.0833	0.0183
	Oropharyngeal area, mm2	16.71 ± 0.35	17.47 ± 0.41	15.71 ± 0.36	0.0071	0.1565	0.0494	0.0019
	Nasopharyngeal area, mm2	7.22 ± 0.18	7.21 ± 0.21	7.05 ± 0.18	0.7771	—	—	—
Hyoid distances¶	Hyoid to sella distance, mm	10.21 ± 0.14	10.18 ± 0.16	9.82 ± 0.14	0.0912	—	—	—
	Hyoid to third cervical vertebra, mm	3.59 ± 0.07	3.62 ± 0.08	3.25 ± 0.07	0.0003	0.8212	0.0004	0.0006
	Hyoid to retropogonion, mm	4.44 ± 0.10	4.17 ± 0.11	3.70 ± 0.10	1.3 × 10−6	0.0643	2.3 × 10−7	0.0019
	Retropogonion to C3, mm	7.60 ± 0.11	7.60 ± 0.13	6.86 ± 0.12	1.1 × 10−5	0.9898	1.4 × 10−5	7.3 × 10−5
Mandibular measures**	Mandibular divergence, mm	60.47 ± 0.71	60.16 ± 0.81	61.06 ± 0.71	0.7022	—	—	—
	Mandibular depth, mm	6.53 ± 0.09	6.74 ± 0.10	6.16 ± 0.09	0.0002	0.1285	0.0043	5.9 × 10−5
	Mandibular length corpus, mm	8.70 ± 0.12	8.89 ± 0.14	7.96 ± 0.12	1.8 × 10−6	0.2875	3.4 × 10−5	2.0 × 10−6
	Mandibular length ramus, mm	5.05 ± 0.09	5.22 ± 0.10	5.45 ± 0.09	0.0010	0.2069	0.0024	0.1123
	Total mandibular length, mm	13.73 ± 0.13	14.13 ± 0.14	13.38 ± 0.12	0.0009	0.0382	0.0510	0.0002
	Mandibular width first molar, mm	4.53 ± 0.05	4.51 ± 0.06	4.31 ± 0.05	0.0032	0.8437	0.0017	0.0075
	Mandibular width second premolar, mm	3.86 ± 0.04	3.88 ± 0.05	3.72 ± 0.04	0.0233	0.7370	0.0202	0.0155
	Mandibular width condyle, mm	9.57 ± 0.08	9.82 ± 0.10	9.55 ± 0.08	0.0833	—	—	—
	Mandibular width gonion, mm	8.25 ± 0.10	8.33 ± 0.11	7.90 ± 0.10	0.0086	0.5820	0.0116	0.0051
Maxillary measures††	Maxillary divergence, mm	57.6 ± 0.84	58.98 ± 0.97	61.26 ± 0.84	0.0108	0.2801	0.0028	0.0861
	Maxillary unit depth, mm	4.87 ± 0.06	4.75 ± 0.07	4.54 ± 0.06	0.0012	0.1886	0.0003	0.0344
	Maxillary width first molar, mm	4.65 ± 0.05	4.74 ± 0.06	4.55 ± 0.05	0.0576	—	—	—
	Maxillary width second premolar, mm	4.18 ± 0.05	4.22 ± 0.06	4.06 ± 0.05	0.1020	—	—	—

Definition of abbreviations: ANB = difference between SNA and SNB; ANS = anterior nasal spine; Na = nasion; OSAS = obstructive sleep apnea syndrome; PNS = posterior nasal spine; SNA = sella (S)–nasion (N)–subspinale (A); SNB = sella (S)–nasion (N)–supramentale (B).

^*Least squares mean and SE estimates from regression model adjusted for age at consent, race, Tanner stage, and sex.

^†Analysis of variance (P_ANOVA).

^‡P values for pairwise comparisons (P < 0.0167, indicating statistically significant after Bonferroni correction), applicable when P _ANOVA suggests significant differences between groups.

^§Bonferroni-corrected significance level of P_ANOVA < 0.001 (equals 0.05/5).

^║Bonferroni-corrected significance level of P_ANOVA < 0.00625 (equals 0.05/8).

^¶Bonferroni-corrected significance level of P_ANOVA < 0.0125 (equals 0.05/4).

^**Bonferroni-corrected significance level of P_ANOVA < 0.0056 (equals 0.05/9).

^††Bonferroni-corrected significance level of P_ANOVA < 0.0125 (equals 0.05/4).