Table 1. Patient demographics and baseline characteristics.
| Characteristics | Rhodiola | Placebo |
|---|---|---|
| (n = 38) | (n = 19) | |
| Age, years | 70.1±7.6 | 69.8±11.2 |
| Gender: M/F | 37/1 | 19/0 |
| Cigarette, pack-years | 42.9±19.8 | 44±25.9 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.9±3.6 | 25.9±4.7 |
| Triceps skinfold thickness, mm | 17±7.4 | 19.7±5.4 |
| Mid upper arm circumference, cm | 27.5±3.1 | 29.1±3.9 |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 136±17 | 138±14 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 79±10 | 72±10 |
| Medications used at entry, n (%) | ||
| SAMA+SABA | 11 | 6 |
| LAMA | 17 | 8 |
| LABA | 6 | 4 |
| LABA+ICS | 22 | 13 |
| LABA+LAMA+ICS | 12 | 5 |
| Xanthines | 23 | 12 |
| Antihistamine | 9 | 4 |
| FVC, L | 2.93±.78 | 2.89±.6 |
| FEV1, L | 1.46±.55 | 1.58±.42 |
| FEV1% pred, % | 60.6±18.8 | 64.3±10.3 |
| FEV1 reversibility % pred, % | 9.6±9.8 | 3±5.7 |
| Oxygen-cost diagram, mm (100–0) | 66±12 | 71±10 |
| modified Medical Research Council, AU (0–4) | 1±.8 | 1±.9 |
| Borg score, AU (0–10) | .7±1 | .5±1.1 |
| COPD assessment test, AU (0–40) | 10.8±7 | 10.1±8.5 |
| Baseline dyspnea index score, AU (12–0) | 7.2±1.9 | 7.8±2.1 |
| CRDQ (35–5) | 27.4±4.7 | 28.6±3.7 |
| SGRQ (0–100) | ||
| Total score | 35.1±16.6 | 31.7±17.8 |
| Symptoms score | 36.3±18.9 | 31.5±16.7 |
| Activity score | 48.5±22.7 | 45.3±25.6 |
| Impact score | 27.2±16.7 | 23.2±17.1 |
| Hospital anxiety depression score (0–42) | 6.1±5.3 | 6.3±5.6 |
| Anxiety (0–21) | 2.6±2.7 | 2.3±2.5 |
| Depression (0–21) | 3.4±3 | 4±3.7 |
| Epworth sleepiness scale score (0–24) | 6.3±4.2 | 5.6±3.1 |
| BODE (0–10) | 1.8±2.2 | 1.1±1.2 |
| Six-minute walking distance, meter | 445.7±135.5 | 421.9±66.8 |
| Oxygen uptakepeak % pred, % | 74±15 | 67±10 |
| White blood cell, /mm3 | 7,196±2,168 | 7,652±2,055 |
| Hemoglobin, gm/dL | 14.6±1.4 | 14.7±1.7 |
| Platelet, /mm3 | 219k±57k | 211k±62k |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 1±.2 | 1±.3 |
| hs-CRP, mg/dL | .48±.61 | .86±1.66 |
Mean ± SD or median (IQR). BMI: body mass index; ICS: inhaled corticosteroids; SAMA/LAMA: short-acting/long-acting muscarinic antagonist; SABA/LABA: short-acting/long-acting β2-agonist; CAT: COPD assessment test score; CRDQ: chronic respiratory disease questionnaire; SGRQ: St George’s respiratory questionnaire; BODE: body mass index, airway obstruction severity, dyspnea graded with the mMRC, and 6-minute walk distance; hs-CRP: high sensitivity C-reactive protein. (the 1st number - the 2nd number): in the parenthesis, from the 1st number to the 2nd number indicate a better status to a worse status; Anxiety or depression score ≤7: no anxiety, 8–10: possible, ≥ 11: definitely.