Table 1. Characteristics of 1263 gestational diabetes mellitus mother-child pairs in Tianjin Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Prevention Program.
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | P | IOM categories a | P | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <24 | 24–27.9 | ≥28 | Inadequate | Adequate | Excessive | |||
| No. of subjects | 823 | 335 | 105 | 156 | 394 | 713 | ||
| Maternal characteristics | ||||||||
| Age (years) | 32.3 (3.5) | 32.4 (3.7) | 32.5 (3.6) | 0.83 | 32.9 (3.5) | 32.7 (3.6) | 32.1 (3.5) | 0.002 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI | 21.2 (1.8) | 25.6 (1.1) | 30.3 (2.0) | <0.001 | 21.7 (2.7) | 22.0 (2.9) | 24.0 (3.4) | <0.001 |
| Fasting glucose at 26–30 gestational weeks (mmol/l) | 5.25 (0.8) | 5.49 (0.9) | 5.99 (1.7) | <0.001 | 5.55 (1.3) | 5.31 (0.9) | 5.38 (0.9) | 0.032 |
| 2-hour glucose at 26–30 gestational weeks (mmol/l) | 6.69 (2.2) | 7.48 (2.5) | 8.80 (3.4) | <0.001 | 7.36 (3.1) | 7.03 (2.5) | 7.04 (2.4) | 0.32 |
| Gestational diabetes treatment during pregnancy (%) | <0.001 | 0.099 | ||||||
| No | 14.8 | 14.6 | 9.5 | 14.1 | 10.7 | 16.4 | ||
| Lifestyle intervention | 82.4 | 79.4 | 78.1 | 80.1 | 84.5 | 79.7 | ||
| Insulin | 2.8 | 6.0 | 12.4 | 5.8 | 4.8 | 3.9 | ||
| Gestational weight gain | ||||||||
| Means (kg) | 16.8 (5.8) | 17.4 (6.1) | 14.6 (6.5) | <0.001 | 8.82 (2.3) | 13.5 (2.5) | 20.4 (5.1) | <0.001 |
| Categories (%) | <0.001 | |||||||
| Inadequate | 23.0 | 18.8 | 9.5 | - | - | - | ||
| Adequate | 40.2 | 30.7 | 28.6 | - | - | - | ||
| Excessive | 36.8 | 50.4 | 61.9 | - | - | - | ||
| Current smoking (%) | 1.7 | 1.8 | 4.8 | 0.10 | 1.9 | 2.5 | 4.5 | 0.12 |
| Education (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| <13 years | 19.5 | 25.4 | 37.1 | 22.4 | 16.5 | 25.8 | ||
| 13–16 years | 72.1 | 67.8 | 61.0 | 69.2 | 72.5 | 68.9 | ||
| ≥16 years | 8.4 | 6.9 | 1.9 | 8.3 | 10.9 | 5.3 | ||
| Family income (yuan/month) | <0.001 | 0.20 | ||||||
| <5000 | 23.5 | 34.6 | 36.2 | 29.5 | 23.9 | 29.1 | ||
| 5000–8000 | 37.7 | 34.6 | 38.1 | 34.6 | 36.5 | 37.6 | ||
| ≥8000 | 38.8 | 30.7 | 25.7 | 35.9 | 39.6 | 33.3 | ||
| Family history of diabetes (%) | 34.3 | 39.0 | 38.1 | 0.27 | 36.4 | 32.7 | 37.5 | 0.29 |
| Offspring characteristics | ||||||||
| Newborn | ||||||||
| Gestational weeks of birth (wks) | 39.1 (1.4) | 38.9 (1.6) | 38.6 (1.7) | 0.005 | 38.9 (1.5) | 39.1 (1.5) | 39.0 (1.5) | 0.20 |
| Sex (men %) | 53.5 | 51.6 | 54.3 | 0.82 | 57.7 | 48.5 | 54.6 | 0.70 |
| Birth weight (g) | 3501 (493) | 3608 (569) | 3695 (574) | <0.001 | 3273 (499) | 3445 (463) | 3662 (529) | <0.001 |
| Birth recumbent length (cm) | 50.7 (2.0) | 51.0 (2.3) | 51.0 (1.8) | 0.022 | 50.2 (2.1) | 50.5 (1.9) | 51.1 (2.1) | <0.001 |
| At baseline survey of 1–5 years old | ||||||||
| Age (years) | 2.28 (0.9) | 2.30 (0.9) | 2.24 (0.9) | 0.81 | 2.21 (0.9) | 2.24 (0.8) | 2.33 (0.9) | 0.14 |
| Weight (kg) | 13.3 (2.7) | 13.7 (2.9) | 14.1 (3.6) | 0.005 | 13.1 (2.8) | 13.1 (2.6) | 13.8 (2.9) | <0.001 |
| Height (cm) | 90.4 (8.4) | 90.9 (8.3) | 90.8 (9.1) | 0.69 | 89.6 (8.7) | 89.8 (8.2) | 91.2 (8.5) | 0.014 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 16.2 (1.4) | 16.5 (1.5) | 16.9 (1.8) | <0.001 | 16.1 (1.3) | 16.1 (1.4) | 16.5 (1.6) | <0.001 |
| Breast feeding (%) | 0.069 | 0.003 | ||||||
| Exclusive breast feeding ≥6 months | 41.3 | 40.1 | 41.0 | 29.5 | 45.7 | 40.9 | ||
| Exclusive breast feeding <6 months | 2.1 | 2.1 | 1.0 | 47.4 | 42.1 | 42.0 | ||
| Mixed feeding | 44.5 | 38.3 | 42.9 | 3.2 | 2.3 | 1.5 | ||
| Exclusive formula feeding | 12.2 | 19.5 | 15.2 | 19.9 | 9.9 | 15.6 | ||
Baseline characteristics represent mean (SD) or percentage.
a IOM categories: Inadequate (1): <12.5 kg (pre-pregnancy BMI <18.5 kg/m2), <11.5 kg (BMI 18.5–23.9 kg/m2), <7 kg (BMI 24.0–27.9 kg/m2), and <5 kg (BMI >28 kg/m2); Adequate (1): 12.5–18 kg (BMI <18.5 kg/m2), 11.5–16 kg (BMI 18.5–23.9 kg/m2), 7–11.5 kg (BMI 24.0–27.9 kg/m2), and 5–9 kg (BMI >28 kg/m2); Excessive (1): >18 kg (BMI <18.5 kg/m2), >16 kg (BMI 18.5–23.9 kg/m2), >11.5 kg (BMI 24.0–27.9 kg/m2), and >9 kg (BMI >28 kg/m2), according to the Chinese maternal pre-pregnancy BMI classification standard and the 2009 IOM GWG recommendations.