Table 2. Neonatal and childhood major outcomes at birth and 1–5 years old according to maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain categories.

	Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2)			Poverall	IOM categories			Poverall
	<24 (Group A)	24–27.9 (Group B)	≥28 (Group C)		Inadequate (Group D)	Adequate (Group E)	Excessive (Group F)
No. of subjects	823	335	105		156	394	713
At birth e
Birth weight for length for gestational age Z score	0.09 (0.09)	0.38 (0.10) *	0.69 (0.14) # ^	<0.001	-0.32 (0.12) &	0.04 (0.10)	0.55 (0.09) † ‡	<0.001
At 1–5 years old
Weight for length/height Z score
Model 1 a	0.38 (0.08)	0.60 (0.09) *	0.84 (0.12) # ^	<0.001	0.33 (0.11)	0.35 (0.09)	0.65 (0.08) † ‡	<0.001
Model 2 b	0.43 (0.08)	0.60 (0.09) *	0.78 (0.12) #	<0.001	0.45 (0.11)	0.41 (0.09)	0.61 (0.08) † ‡	<0.001
Body mass index for age Z score
Model 1 a	0.34 (0.08)	0.55 (0.09) *	0.78 (0.13) # ^	<0.001	0.30 (0.11)	0.30 (0.09)	0.59 (0.09) † ‡	<0.001
Model 2 b	0.38 (0.08)	0.54 (0.09) *	0.73 (0.12) #	<0.001	0.40 (0.11)	0.35 (0.09)	0.56 (0.08) †	<0.001
Change in weight for height Z score from birth to 1–5 years old
Model 1 a	0.29 (0.11)	0.22 (0.12)	0.15 (0.17)	0.53	0.65 (0.14) &	0.31 (0.12)	0.10 (0.11) † ‡	<0.001
Model 2 b	0.08 (0.08)	0.25 (0.09) *	0.42 (0.12) #	<0.001	0.09 (0.11)	0.05 (0.09)	0.26 (0.08) †	<0.001

Data represent mean (SE), or percentage.

^a, Adjusted for maternal age, family history of diabetes, education, family income, gestational diabetes treatment during pregnancy, gestational weeks of birth and infant feeding.

^b, Adjusted for above variables and also birth weight for length for gestational age Z score.

* P <0.05 for Groups of A and B;

^# P<0.05 for groups of A and C;

^{^} P<0.05 for groups of B and C;

^& P for groups of D and E;

^† P <0.05 for Groups of E and F;

^‡ P<0.05 for groups of D and F.