Table 3. Odds ratios (95% CIs) of large for gestational age and macrosomia at birth and overweight at 1–5 years old stratified by maternal GDM category during pregnancy and offspring age.
| Odds ratios (95% CIs) | Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | Poverall | IOM categories | Poverall | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <24 | 24–27.9 | ≥28 | Inadequate | Adequate | Excessive | |||
| Maternal GDM status during pregnancy | ||||||||
| Impaired glucose tolerance | 761 | 297 | 88 | 142 | 353 | 651 | ||
| Large for gestational age a | 1.00 | 2.01 (1.45–2.78) | 2.72 (1.65–4.48) | <0.001 | 0.43 (0.20–0.94) | 1.00 | 2.93 (2.03–4.23) | <0.001 |
| Macrosomia a | 1.00 | 2.26 (1.61–3.16) | 2.76 (1.63–4.70) | <0.001 | 0.52 (0.25–1.12) | 1.00 | 2.78 (1.90–4.06) | <0.001 |
| Overweight b | 1.00 | 1.23 (0.87–1.72) | 2.13 (1.30–3.50) | 0.011 | 1.36 (0.80–2.32) | 1.00 | 1.60 (1.12–2.27) | <0.001 |
| Type 2 diabetes | 62 | 38 | 17 | 14 | 41 | 62 | ||
| Large for gestational age a | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.30–2.87) | 4.16 (1.17–14.8) | 0.059 | — | 1.00 | 4.67 (1.43–15.3) | 0.039 |
| Macrosomia a | 1.00 | 0.83 (0.27–2.57) | 2.66 (0.73–9.76) | 0.24 | 0.87 (0.08–10.0) | 1.00 | 5.05 (1.51–16.9) | 0.019 |
| Overweight b | 1.00 | 1.52 (0.58–3.99) | 1.85 (0.54–6.35) | 0.52 | 0.71 (0.14–3.56) | 1.00 | 2.25 (0.82–6.13) | 0.15 |
| Offspring age c | ||||||||
| 1.0–2.09 years old | 415 | 163 | 52 | 87 | 208 | 335 | ||
| Overweight b | 1.00 | 1.34 (0.85–2.13) | 1.41 (0.69–2.88) | 0.37 | 1.26 (0.61–2.60) | 1.00 | 2.01 (1.24–3.25) | 0.015 |
| 2.1–5.0 years old | 408 | 172 | 53 | 69 | 186 | 378 | ||
| Overweight b | 1.00 | 1.17 (0.75–1.82) | 2.77 (1.47–5.22) | 0.007 | 1.43 (0.70–2.93) | 1.00 | 1.44 (0.90–2.29) | 0.30 |
a, Adjusted for maternal age, family history of diabetes, education, family income, gestational diabetes treatment during pregnancy, gestational weeks of birth and infant feeding.
b, Adjusted for above variables and also birth weight for length for gestational age Z score.
c, The median of offspring age was 2.1 years old.