Table 4. Neonatal and childhood major outcomes at birth and 1–5 years old according to joint status of maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain.

	Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) and gestational weight gain				Poverall
	Pre-pregnancy BMI <24/non-excessive gestational weight gain (Group AA)	Pre-pregnancy BMI ≥24/non-excessive gestational weight gain (Group BA)	Pre-pregnancy BMI <24/excessive gestational weight gain (Group AB)	Pre-pregnancy BMI ≥24/excessive gestational weight gain (Group BB)
No. of subjects	469	81	354	359
At birth a
Birth weight for length for gestational age Z score	-0.09 (0.10)	-0.06 (0.15)	0.44 (0.11) # ^	0.62 (0.10) & † ‡	<0.001
At 1–5 years old
Weight for length/height Z score
Model 1 a	0.30 (0.09)	0.48 (0.13)	0.53 (0.09) #	0.72 (0.09) & † ‡	<0.001
Model 2 b	0.38 (0.09)	0.54 (0.13)	0.52 (0.09)	0.68 (0.09) & ‡	<0.001
Body mass index for age Z score
Model 1 a	0.26 (0.09)	0.43 (0.14)	0.49 (0.10) #	0.66 (0.09) & ‡	<0.001
Model 2 b	0.33 (0.09)	0.49 (0.14)	0.48 (0.10) #	0.62 (0.09) &	0.001
Change in weight for height Z score from birth to 1–5 years old
Model 1 a	0.39 (0.12)	0.53 (0.18)	0.10 (0.13) # ^	0.11 (0.12) & †	<0.001
Model 2 b	0.03 (0.09)	0.19 (0.13)	0.17 (0.09)	0.32 (0.09) & ‡	<0.001

Data represent mean (SE), percentage or odd ratio (95% CI).

^a, Adjusted for maternal age, family history of diabetes, education, family income, gestational diabetes treatment during pregnancy, gestational weeks of birth and infant feeding.

^b, Adjusted for above variables and also birth weight for length for gestational age Z score.

* P <0.05 for Groups of AA and BA;

^# <0.05 for groups of AA and AB;

^& for groups of AA and BB;

^{^} P <0.05 for Groups of BA and AB;

^† <0.05 for groups of BA and BB;

^‡ for groups of AB and BB.