Table 1.

Functions of some immulectins in lepidopteran insects

Name	inducibility	tissue		agglutination	Ca2+-depen dence	binding	proPO activation	melanization	encapsulation	reference
		H	F
M. sexta IML-1	Ec, Ml, Sc	no	yes	Ec, Sa, Sc	yes	-	yes	no	yes	Yu et al., 1999
M. sexta IML-2	Ec, Ml, Sc	no	yes	Ec	yes/no*	lipid A, LPS, PG, LTA, mannan, laminarin	yes	yes	yes	Shi and Yu, 2012; Yu and Kanost, 2000, 2003, 2004;
M. sexta IML-3	Ec, Ml, Sc	no	yes	Ec	yes	LPS, LTA, laminarin	-	no	yes	Yu et al., 2005; Ling et al., 2008;
M. sexta IML-4	Ec, Ml, Sc	no	yes	Ec, Sa, Sc	yes/no*	LPS, LTA, laminarin	yes	yes	yes	Yu et al., 2006
H. armigera CTL1~8	Bt, Sa, Pp, NPV, 20E	yes	yes	Ec, Sa (1,3); Ca (1); - (2, 3~8)	-	-	-	-	-	Chai et al., 2008; Wang et al., 2012
H. cunea Hdd15	Ec, Ml	-	yes	-	-	LPS	-	-	-	Shin et al., 2000;
B. mori LBP, MBP, etc.	Ec, Ml, Sc	yes	yes	Ec, Smi (LBP); Sma, Ml, Sc (MBP)	- (LBP); + (MBP)	lipid A (LBP); TA, mannan, PG (MBP)	-	yes (LBP)	-	Koizumi et al., 1997, 1999; Watanabe et al., 2006; Tanaka et al., 2008;

Bt, Bacilus thuringiensis Ml, Micrococcus luteus; Sa, Staphylococcus aureus; Ec, Escherichia coli; Sma, Serratia marcescens; Smi, Salmonella minnesota, Sc, Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Ca, Candida albicans; Pp, Pichia pastoris; NPV, nucleopolyhedrovirus; 20E, 20-hydroxyecdysone; H: hemocytes; F: fat body; PG, peptidoglycan; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; LTA, lipoteichoic acid; TA, teichoic acid;

^*: Ca²⁺ required for agglutination of E. coli, but not for binding to microbial components.