Table 2.

Demographic differences in cultural socialization practices

	Full Sample		African American		Latino
	M (SD)	F	M (SD)	F	M SD)	F
Child Gender
Boy	1.28 (1.34)	4.10*	1.46 (1.49)	2.38	1.13 (1.19)	1.57
Girl	1.03 (1.11)		1.15 (1.19)		.94 (1.04)
Primary caregiver’s race/ethnicity
African American	1.36a (1.37)	4.27*	1.35 (1.38)	2.08	1.65 (1.20)	.17
Latino	.99a (1.10)		---		.99 (1.10)
Multiracial/multiethnic	1.08 (1.17)		.53 (.47)		1.31 (1.32)
Primary caregiver’s education
Less than high school	.94b (1.09)	9.83***	1.40 (1.35)	3.17*	.82e (.98)	6.88**
High school	1.04c (1.14)		1.05d (1.19)		1.02f (1.10)
More than high school	1.59b,c (1.43)		1.60d (1.51)		1.57e,f (1.33)
Family poverty status
<100% federal poverty level	1.08 (1.17)	4.56*	1.24 (1.26)	2.05	1.26 (1.23)	3.78+
100%+ federal poverty level	1.38 (1.41)		1.59 (1.67)		.94 (1.07)
Older children in the household
None	1.17 (1.32)	.22	1.29 (1.50)	.04	1.04 (1.08)	.83
1–2	1.13 (1.18)		1.32 (1.17)		1.00 (1.18)
3 or more	1.24 (1.31)		1.37 (1.56)		1.12 (1.05)
Neighborhood ethnic composition
African American	1.26 (1.32)	.62	1.20 (1.28)	2.25+	1.53 (1.52)	.84
Hispanic	1.18 (1.30)		1.77 (1.72)		1.02 (1.12)
Non-Hispanic White	1.32 (1.29)		1.88 (1.46)		.98 (1.10)
Ethnically mixed	1.05 (1.12)		1.13 (1.19)		.98 (1.06)
Caregiver language proficiency	---	---	---	---
English	---	---	---	---	1.20 (1.47)	1.27
Spanish	---	---	---	---	.89 (1.02)
Bilingual	---	---	---	---	1.13 (1.16)

Note. For variables with more than two groups, post-hoc comparisons using a Bonferonni correction were conducted to determine the pairwise differences. Means that share the same subscript are significantly different from one another.

⁺p < .10;

^*p < .05;

^**p< .01;

^***p < .001