Table III.

Examples of Substrate Probes Used in Preclinical or Clinical Imaging Studies

Transporter		Modality
		PET	SPECT	MRI	NIR	BLI
ABC superfamily	P-gp	[11C]-Daunorubicin (43) [11C]-N-Desmethyl-loperamide (48) [11C]-Elacridar (49,50) [11C]-Gefitinib (51) [11C]-Imatinib (10) [11C]-Paclitaxel (10) [11C]-Tariquidar (52) [11C]-Topotecan (53) [11C]-Verapamil (29)	[99mTc]-Sestamibi (44,45) [99mTc]-Tetrofosmin (44)		Rhodamine 800 (46)	Coelenterazine (47)
	BCRP	[11C]-Elacridar (49,50) [11C]-Gefitinib (51) [11C]-Imatinib (10) [11C]-Tariquidar (52) [11C]-Topotecan (53)				d-Luciferin (54) Coelenterazine (55)
	MRPs	[11C]-Paclitaxel (10)	[99mTc]-Sestamibi (56) [99mTc]-Tetrofosmin (45)	BOPTA (57) EOB-DTPA (59)	ICG (58)
SLC superfamily	OATPs	[11C]-Rosuvastatin (60) [11C]-Telmisartan (10) [11C]-TIC (10)	[99mTc]-MAG3 (61) [99mTc]-Mebrofenin (63) [99mTc]-PMT (66)	BOPTA (57) EOB-DTPA (64)	ICG (62) IR-783 (65) MHI-148 (65,67)
	OATs	[11C]-Topotecan (53)	[99mTc]-MAG3 (61)
	OCTs		[123I]-MIBG (10)
	NTs	[18F]-FLT (68)
	LATs	[18F]-FACBC (21)

ABC adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette, BCRP breast cancer resistance protein, BLI bioluminescence imaging, BOPTA gadobenate dimeglumine, EOB-DTPA gadoxetate dimeglumine, [ ¹⁸ F]-FACBC [¹⁸F]-1-amino-3-fluorine 18-fluorocyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid, [ ¹⁸ F]-FLT [¹⁸F]-3′-deoxy-3′-fluorothymidine, ICG indocyanine green, LATs system L transporters, [ ^99m Tc]-MAG3 [^99mTc]-mercaptoacetylglycylglycylglycine, [ ¹²³ I]-MIBG [¹²³I]- metaiodobenzylguanidine, MRI magnetic resonance imaging, MRPs multidrug resistance-associated proteins, NIR near infrared, NTs nucleoside transporters, OATs organic anion transporters, OATPs organic anion transporting polypeptides, OCTs organic cation transporters, P-gp P-glycoprotein, PET positron emission tomography, [ ^99m Tc]-PMT [^99mTc]-N-pyridoxyl-5-methyltryptophan, SLC solute carrier, SPECT single photon emission computed tomography