Table 1.
Participant demographics by group.
| Trauma (n = 14) | Comparison (n = 19) | |
|---|---|---|
| Age, m (SD) | 12.61 (2.11) | 12.06 (2.66) |
| Sex (female), n (%) | 10 (71.4) | 15 (78.9) |
| Pubertal development, n (%) | ||
| Pre/early pubertal (Tanner stages 1–2) | 5 (35.71) | 8 (42.1) |
| Mid/late pubertal (Tanner stages 3–5) | 9 (64.29) | 11 (57.9) |
| IQ, m (SD) | 100.14 (13.17) | 104.29 (14.34) |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%) | ||
| African American | 5 (35.71) | 9 (47.37) |
| Caucasian | 3 (21.43) | 8 (42.11) |
| Hispanic | 2 (14.29) | 0 |
| Biracial | 1 (7.14) | 1 (5.26) |
| Not reported | 3 (21.43) | 1 (5.26) |
| Household annual income, n (%) | ||
| Less than $40,000 | 10 (71.43) | 9 (47.37) |
| $40–60,000 | 2 (14.29) | 4 (21.05) |
| $60–80,000 | 1 (7.14) | 3 (15.79) |
| Over $80,000 | 0 | 3 (15.79) |
| Not reported | 1 (7.14) | 0 |
| Type of trauma endorsed, n (%) | ||
| Physical abuse | 2 (14)a | 0a |
| Neglectful home environment | 2 (14)a | 0a |
| Exposure to domestic violence | 7 (50)a | 0a |
| Exposure to any other violence not already identified | 7 (50)a | 0a |
| Multiple separations from parent or caregiver | 2 (14)a | 0a |
| Sexual abuse or exposure | 3 (21)a | 0a |
| Anxiety symptomology (SCR), m (SD) | 19.38 (13.97) | 13.38 (8.94) |
| Depressive symptomology (CDI), m (SD) | 2 (2.56) | 2.26 (3.01) |
| Reward sensitivity (BAS, z-scores), m (SD) | −0.2 (0.59) | 0.07 (0.94) |
| Reward responsivity | 17.21 (1.58) | 18 (2.09) |
| Fun seeking | 12.07 (1.9) | 12.44 (2.67) |
| Drive | 10.43 (2.47) | 11 (2.56) |
| Motion during cognitive conflict taskb, m (SD) | ||
| Translational mean movement | 0.05 (0.03) | 0.05 (0.03) |
| Rotational mean movement | 3.44 (4.01) | 4.01 (5.16) |
| Translational RMS | 0.05 (0.03) | 0.05 (0.03) |
| Rotational RMS | 0.06 (0.03) | 0.06 (0.04) |
| Translational max excursion | 0.47 (0.5) | 0.44 (0.26) |
| Rotational max excursion | 0.45 (0.36) | 0.46 (0.29) |
| Motion during resting-state scanb, m (SD) | ||
| Translational mean movement | 0.15 (0.12) | 0.18 (0.13) |
| Rotational mean movement | 0.12 (0.12) | 0.14 (0.1) |
| Translational RMS | 0.1 (0.06) | 0.11 (0.05) |
| Rotational RMS | 0.001 (0.001) | 0.001 (0.001) |
| Translational max excursion | 0.66 (0.43) | 0.85 (0.39) |
| Rotational max excursion | 0.47 (0.31) | 0.57 (0.28) |
Chi-square tests were used for sex, race/ethnicity, puberty, and trauma-type comparisons; two-sample t-tests for age, symptomology, and motion comparisons; Mann–Whitney U for income.
Abbreviations: standard deviation, SD; mean, m; Intelligence Quotient, IQ; Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders, SCR; Children's Depression Inventory, CDI; Behavioral Activation Subscale of the BIS/BAS, BAS; root-mean-square (head position change), RMS.
a
Indicates group comparison is significant at p ≤ 0.05.
b
Translational (x, y, z) movement is reported in mm; rotational, in degrees. Parenthetical values given by totals or means represent percentages and SDs, respectively.