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Protocatechuic acid prevented oxLDL-induced p38 and PKCδ activation. (a) phospho-p38 expression or (b) phospho-PKCδ expression (30′ after oxLDL treatment) in control cells (CTR), oxLDL-treated cells (oxLDL), and oxLDL-treated cells preincubated with 25 μM PCA (PCA + oxLDL). Results were normalized to the respective nonphosphorylated proteins. Each panel shows representative blots. Values are the mean ± SEM. ∗ P < 0.05 versus controls of at least three independent experiments.
