Table 1.
Study population characteristics, ARIC visit 5 (2011–2013)
| P value* | Diagnosed diabetes |
P value† | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No history of diagnosed diabetes (n = 3,444) |
No glucose-lowering medication (n = 569) | Current glucose-lowering medication (n = 1,005) |
|||
| Mean (SD) or % | Mean (SD) or % | Mean (SD) or % | |||
| Age, years | 75.4 (5.1) | 0.16 | 75.7 (5.3) | 75.0 (4.9) | 0.01 |
| White | 82.4 | <0.01 | 80.5 | 65.8 | <0.01 |
| Male | 40.3 | 0.03 | 40.1 | 45.5 | 0.04 |
| <High school education | 10.7 | <0.01 | 14.6 | 18.9 | 0.03 |
| Annual household income <$25,000 | 22.2 | <0.01 | 26.5 | 33.9 | <0.01 |
| Health insurance in addition to Medicare | 89.0 | <0.01 | 86.3 | 83.1 | 0.09 |
| Self-rated health ≥good‡ | 92.5 | <0.01 | 85.8 | 79.5 | <0.01 |
| Current alcohol consumption | 55.0 | <0.01 | 49.0 | 35.7 | <0.01 |
| Current smoking | 5.7 | 0.96 | 5.8 | 5.6 | 0.85 |
| Obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) | 28.8 | <0.01 | 38.7 | 52.9 | <0.01 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.6 (0.4) | <0.01 | 5.9 (0.6) | 7.0 (1.2) | <0.01 |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 38.2 (4.3) | <0.01 | 40.8 (6.4) | 52.5 (12.6) | <0.01 |
| LDL-c, mg/dL | 109.2 (34.1) | <0.01 | 101.3 (32.7) | 88.1 (32.1) | <0.01 |
| SBP, mmHg | 130.1 (17.3) | 0.65 | 128.6 (18.1) | 130.5 (18.6) | 0.05 |
| DBP, mmHg | 67.2 (10.4) | <0.01 | 65.6 (10.8) | 65.0 (10.4) | 0.23 |
| % meeting stringent targets | |||||
| HbA1c <7% (<53 mmol/mol) | 99.4 | <0.01 | 95.8 | 59.2 | <0.01 |
| LDL-c <100 mg/dL | 41.7 | <0.01 | 52.6 | 69.7 | <0.01 |
| SBP <140 and DBP <90 mmHg | 73.5 | 0.57 | 75.2 | 71.3 | 0.10 |
| All three | 31.2 | <0.01 | 38.7 | 33.5 | 0.04 |
| % meeting less stringent targets | |||||
| HbA1c <8% (<64 mmol/mol) | 100.0 | <0.01 | 99.3 | 85.4 | <0.01 |
| LDL-c <130 mg/dL | 74.9 | <0.01 | 79.3 | 89.8 | <0.01 |
| SBP <150 and DBP <90 mmHg | 86.5 | 0.90 | 87.7 | 86.1 | 0.36 |
| All three | 65.1 | 0.02 | 70.0 | 67.5 | 0.31 |
| Medication use | |||||
| Glucose lowering | N/A | N/A | 0 | 100 | <0.01 |
| Cholesterol lowering | 48.1 | <0.01 | 59.9 | 75.0 | <0.01 |
| BP lowering | 60.5 | <0.01 | 76.3 | 85.6 | <0.01 |
| All of the above | N/A | N/A | 0 | 66.6 | <0.01 |
| Baecke sport index | 2.7 (0.8) | <0.01 | 2.5 (0.8) | 2.4 (0.7) | 0.10 |
| Any functional disability | 47.8 | <0.01 | 61.2 | 66.5 | 0.03 |
| Physical function score (SPPB) | 9.6 (2.3) | <0.01 | 9.1 (2.6) | 8.5 (2.8) | <0.01 |
| Prevalent CVD | 15.7 | <0.01 | 22.7 | 27.0 | 0.06 |
| eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 25.5 | <0.01 | 32.0 | 33.7 | 0.48 |
| Duration of diabetes | |||||
| <5 years | N/A | N/A | 28.3 | 18.8 | <0.01 |
| 5–15 years | N/A | 65.0 | 54.1 | ||
| ≥15 years | N/A | 6.7 | 27.1 | ||
P values were calculated using Student t tests for continuous variables and χ2 tests for categorical variables. N/A, not applicable.
*P value for people with vs. without diabetes;
†P value for people treated with glucose-lowering medication vs. untreated;
‡good, very good, or excellent (vs. fair or poor).