Table 5.
Odds ratiosa of birth outcomes in relation to group (symptom-free (SF), nausea only (NP), and nausea and vomiting (NVP))
| Crude | Adjustedd | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome | Group | n (%)b | cOR (95 % CI)c | P value | aOR (95 % CI) | P value |
| Emergency | SF | 1220 (9.4) | 1.00 | <0.001 | 1.00 | 0.07 |
| Caesarean delivery Preterm birth | NP | 1413 (7.6) | 0.79 (0.73–0.86) | 0.91 (0.84–0.99) | ||
| NVP | 1302 (8.4) | 0.88 (0.81–0.96) | 0.97 (0.90–1.06) | |||
| SF | 751 (5.4) | 1.00 | <0.001 | 1.00 | 0.02 | |
| NP | 879 (4.4) | 0.81 (0.73–0.89) | 0.86 (0.78–0.96) | |||
| NVP | 800 (4.8) | 0.88 (0.80–0.98) | 0.91 (0.82–1.01) | |||
| Birth type (other presentations than normal cephalic) | SF | 1372 (10.3) | 1.00 | <0.001 | 1.00 | 0.001 |
| NP | 1780 (9.3) | 0.89 (0.82–0.96) | 0.97 (0.90–1.04) | |||
| NVP | 1363 (8.5) | 0.81 (0.75–0.87) | 0.87 (0.80–0.94) | |||
| Apgar score after 5 min (<7)e | ||||||
| Male infants | SF | 124 (1.6) | 1.00 | <0.001 | 1.00 | 0.006 |
| NP | 93 (0.9) | 0.56 (0.43–0.73) | 0.65 (0.49–0.85) | |||
| NVP | 90 (1.1) | 0.69 (0.53–0.90) | 0.75 (0.57–0.99) | |||
| Female infants | SF | 68 (1.1) | 1.00 | <0.05 | 1.00 | 0.03 |
| NP | 120 (1.2) | 1.13 (0.84–1.52) | 1.26 (0.93–1.70) | |||
| NVP | 74 (0.9) | 0.78 (0.56–1.09) | 0.85 (0.61–1.19) | |||
| Low birth weight | SF | 339 (2.5) | 1.00 | <0.001 | 1.00 | 0.001 |
| NP | 326 (1.7) | 0.66 (0.57–0.77) | 0.73 (0.60–0.88)f | |||
| NVP | 305 (1.9) | 0.74 (0.64–0.87) | 0.72 (0.60–0.88)f | |||
| Small for gestational age | SF | 1657 (12.0) | 1.00 | <0.001 | 1.00 | <0.001 |
| (SGA) | NP | 1908 (9.6) | 0.78 (0.73–0.84) | 0.78 (0.73–0.84)g | ||
| NVP | 1694 (10.2) | 0.84 (0.78–0.90) | 0.87 (0.81–0.93)g | |||
| Birth defects | SF | 674 (4.9) | 1.00 | 0.24 | 1.00 | 0.15 |
| NP | 1022 (5.1) | 1.06 (0.96–1.17) | 1.10 (1.00–1.22) | |||
| NVP | 791 (4.8) | 0.98 (0.88–1.09) | 1.03 (0.93–1.15) | |||
| Gender of infant | SF | 6212 (45.0) | 1.00 | <0.001 | 1.00 | <0.001 |
| (female) | NP | 9736 (49.0) | 1.18 (1.13–1.23) | 1.18 (1.13–1.23)h | ||
| NVP | 8625 (52.1) | 1.33 (1.27–1.39) | 1.34 (1.28–1.40)h | |||
aOR, odds ratio, logistic regression analysis
bNumber (%) of women with outcome
cCI, confidence interval
dAdjusted for age, body mass index (BMI), smoking during pregnancy, parity, education, and gender
eSignificant interaction between Apgar score after 5 min (<7) and gender of infant (P = 0.001)
fAdjusted for age, BMI, smoking during pregnancy, parity, education, gender, gestational length, and energy intake
gAdjusted for age, BMI, smoking during pregnancy, education, and gender
hAdjusted for age, BMI, smoking during pregnancy, parity, and education