Table 2.
Association of chronic kidney disease status, albumin-to-creatinine ratio, and estimated glomerular filtration rate with measures of systolic blood pressure variability
| Chronic kidney disease status | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Blood pressure variability measure | No CKD | CKD | p-value |
| (n = 849) | (n = 173) | ||
| Day-night standard deviation, mmHg | |||
| Mean ± standard error | 9.1 ± 0.1 | 10.2 ± 0.2 | <0.001 |
| Age, sex adjusted | 0 (ref) | 0.98 (0.59, 1.38) | <0.001 |
| Multivariable adjusted 1a | 0 (ref) | 0.64 (0.19, 1.09) | 0.005 |
| Multivariable adjusted 2b | 0 (ref) | 0.31 (−0.12, 0.74) | 0.162 |
| Average real variability, mmHg | |||
| Mean ± standard error | 8.6 ± 0.1 | 9.2 ± 0.2 | 0.001 |
| Age, sex adjusted | 0 (ref) | 0.52 (0.18, 0.86) | 0.003 |
| Multivariable adjusted 1a | 0 (ref) | 0.32 (−0.09, 0.72) | 0.125 |
| Multivariable adjusted 2b | 0 (ref) | 0.08 (−0.31, 0.46) | 0.695 |
| Albumin-to-creatinine ratio, mg/g | |||
| Blood pressure variability measure | ACR < 30 | ACR ≥ 30 | p-value |
| (n = 885) | (n = 137) | ||
| Day-night standard deviation, mmHg | |||
| Mean ± standard error | 9.2 ± 0.1 | 10.2 ± 0.3 | <0.001 |
| Age, sex adjusted | 0 (ref) | 1.09 (0.65, 1.53) | <0.001 |
| Multivariable adjusted 1a | 0 (ref) | 0.85 (0.33, 1.37) | 0.001 |
| Multivariable adjusted 2b | 0 (ref) | 0.35 (−0.16, 0.85) | 0.179 |
| Average real variability, mmHg | |||
| Mean ± standard error | 8.7 ± 0.1 | 9.2 ± 0.2 | 0.01 |
| Age, sex adjusted | 0 (ref) | 0.57 (0.18, 0.95) | 0.004 |
| Multivariable adjusted 1a | 0 (ref) | 0.41 (−0.06, 0.89) | 0.085 |
| Multivariable adjusted 2b | 0 (ref) | 0.05 (−0.41, 0.50) | 0.844 |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate, mL/min/1.73 m 2 | |||
| Blood pressure variability measure | eGFR ≥ 60 | eGFR < 60 | p-value |
| (n = 960) | (n = 62) | ||
| Day-night standard deviation, mmHg | |||
| Mean ± standard error | 9.3 ± 0.1 | 10.4 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
| Age, sex adjusted | 0 (ref) | 0.58 (−0.04, 1.20) | 0.066 |
| Multivariable adjusted 1a | 0 (ref) | 0.24 (−0.39, 0.86) | 0.455 |
| Multivariable adjusted 2b | 0 (ref) | 0.17 (−0.42, 0.77) | 0.565 |
| Average real variability, mmHg | |||
| Mean ± standard error | 8.7 ± 0.1 | 9.5 ± 0.2 | 0.004 |
| Age, sex adjusted | 0 (ref) | 0.27 (−0.24, 0.78) | 0.296 |
| Multivariable adjusted 1a | 0 (ref) | −0.01 (−0.54, 0.52) | 0.981 |
| Multivariable adjusted 2b | 0 (ref) | −0.05 (−0.56, 0.46) | 0.842 |
CKD chronic kidney disease, ACR albumin-to-creatinine ratio, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate
aAdjusted for age, sex, education, income, smoking status, waist circumference, diabetes, history of stroke, history of myocardial infarction, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, c-reactive protein, statin use, and antihypertensive medication use
bAdjusted for above model 1 plus mean 24-h systolic blood pressure