Table 3.
Association of chronic kidney disease status, albumin-to-creatinine ratio, and estimated glomerular filtration rate with measures of diastolic blood pressure variability
| Chronic kidney disease status | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Blood pressure variability measure | No CKD | CKD | p-value |
| (n = 849) | (n = 173) | ||
| Day-night standard deviation, mmHg | |||
| Mean ± standard error | 8.0 ± 0.1 | 8.5 ± 0.2 | 0.004 |
| Age, sex adjusted | 0 (ref) | 0.54 (0.17, 0.90) | 0.004 |
| Multivariable adjusted 1a | 0 (ref) | 0.43 (0.00, 0.85) | 0.049 |
| Multivariable adjusted 2b | 0 (ref) | 0.25 (−0.16, 0.66) | 0.231 |
| Average real variability, mmHg | |||
| Mean ± standard error | 7.5 ± 0.1 | 7.9 ± 0.2 | 0.043 |
| Age, sex adjusted | 0 (ref) | 0.37 (0.01, 0.72) | 0.041 |
| Multivariable adjusted 1a | 0 (ref) | 0.32 (−0.09, 0.72) | 0.128 |
| Multivariable adjusted 2b | 0 (ref) | 0.19 (−0.21, 0.59) | 0.351 |
| Albumin-to-creatinine ratio, mg/g | |||
| Blood pressure variability measure | ACR < 30 | ACR ≥ 30 | p-value |
| (n = 885) | (n = 137) | ||
| Day-night standard deviation, mmHg | |||
| Mean ± standard error | 8.0 ± 0.1 | 8.6 ± 0.2 | 0.002 |
| Age, sex adjusted | 0 (ref) | 0.64 (0.23, 1.06) | 0.002 |
| Multivariable adjusted 1a | 0 (ref) | 0.63 (0.13, 1.13) | 0.013 |
| Multivariable adjusted 2b | 0 (ref) | 0.39 (−0.10, 0.87) | 0.122 |
| Average real variability, mmHg | |||
| Mean ± standard error | 7.5 ± 0.1 | 8.1 ± 0.2 | 0.011 |
| Age, sex adjusted | 0 (ref) | 0.53 (0.13, 0.93) | 0.010 |
| Multivariable adjusted 1a | 0 (ref) | 0.57 (0.09, 1.05) | 0.021 |
| Multivariable adjusted 2b | 0 (ref) | 0.39 (−0.09, 0.87) | 0.108 |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate, mL/min/1.73 m 2 | |||
| Blood pressure variability measure | eGFR ≥ 60 | eGFR < 60 | p-value |
| (n = 960) | (n = 62) | ||
| Day-night standard deviation, mmHg | |||
| Mean ± standard error | 8.1 ± 0.1 | 8.2 ± 0.3 | 0.572 |
| Age, sex adjusted | 0 (ref) | 0.17 (−0.39, 0.72) | 0.551 |
| Multivariable adjusted 1a | 0 (ref) | 0.07 (−0.50, 0.64) | 0.805 |
| Multivariable adjusted 2b | 0 (ref) | 0.01 (−0.55, 0.56) | 0.977 |
| Average real variability, mmHg | |||
| Mean ± standard error | 7.6 ± 0.1 | 7.5 ± 0.2 | 0.655 |
| Age, sex adjusted | 0 (ref) | −0.13 (−0.66, 0.41) | 0.641 |
| Multivariable adjusted 1a | 0 (ref) | −0.19 (−0.75, 0.36) | 0.487 |
| Multivariable adjusted 2b | 0 (ref) | −0.24 (−0.78, 0.30) | 0.384 |
CKD chronic kidney disease, ACR albumin-to-creatinine ratio, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate
aAdjusted for age, sex, education, income, smoking status, waist circumference, diabetes, history of stroke, history of myocardial infarction, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, c-reactive protein, statin use, and antihypertensive medication use
bAdjusted for above model 1 plus mean 24-h diastolic blood pressure