Table 1.

Abbreviated definitions of COPUS codes

	Student codes		Instructor codes
AnQ-S	Student answering instructor’s question	PQ	Posing nonrhetorical, nonclicker question
SQ	Student asking a question	AnQ-I	Answering student question
CG	Discuss CQ in groups	CQ	Asking a clicker question (CQ)
WG	Work on worksheet in groups	FUp	Follow-up on CQ or activity
OG	Other group activities	W-I	Instructor waiting
L	Listening to instructor	Lec	Lecturing
Ind	Individual thinking/problem solving	RtW	Real-time writing on board, etc.
Prd	Making a prediction about a demo, experiment	MG	Moving through class, guiding work
WC	Whole-class discussion	1o1	One-on-one extended discussion with student(s)
T/Q	Test or quiz	D/V	Showing/conducting a demo, experiment, etc.
SP	Student presentation	Adm	Administration
W-S	Students waiting	O-I	Other
O-S	Other