Table 1.
Number and percentage of individuals with persistent speech error types at adolescence.
| Error type | Participants |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male (n = 29) |
Female (n = 12) |
|||
| n | % | n | % | |
| Distortion errors | ||||
| /r/ derhotacized | 22 | 76 | 8 | 67 |
| /s/ lateralized | 10 | 34 | 2 | 17 |
| /z/ lateralized | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
| /l/ velarized | 6 | 21 | 0 | 0 |
| Substitution errors | ||||
| /l/→/w/ | 9 | 31 | 0 | 0 |
| /әr/ final→/ә/ | 21 | 72 | 8 | 67 |
| /ʃ/→/s/ | 3 | 10 | 0 | 0 |
| Phonological processes | ||||
| Cluster reduction | 4 | 14 | 2 | 17 |
| Vowel nasalization | 6 | 21 | 2 | 17 |
| Consonant deletion | 9 | 31 | 11 | 92 |
| Deaffrication | 3 | 10 | 0 | 0 |
| Depalatization | 6 | 21 | 3 | 25 |
| Stopping | 6 | 21 | 3 | 25 |
| Voicing errors | 1 | 3 | 1 | 8 |
| Abnormal voice, prosody, fluency | ||||
| Abnormal prosody | 11 | 38 | 2 | 17 |
| Abnormal resonance | 7 | 24 | 3 | 25 |
| Harsh voice | 10 | 34 | 3 | 25 |
| Dysfluency | 9 | 31 | 2 | 17 |