Table 8.
Stepwise multiple regression analyses predicting adolescent vocabulary, reading, spelling, and language outcomes from persistent SSD, PIQ, SES, and gender.
| Measure | Predictor | β | B (SE) | F(df) | Overall R2 | Overall p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PPVT-4 | Intercept | −.691 | 0.23 | 10.45 (8, 235) | .269 | < .0001 |
| SSD group | ||||||
| Low MSW | −.863*** | 0.212 | ||||
| Resolved SSD | −.349** | 0.14 | ||||
| Persistent SSD | −.733*** | 0.192 | ||||
| No SSD-AD | REF | |||||
| Low PIQ | −.976*** | 0.198 | ||||
| Low SES 1 | −.988** | 0.321 | ||||
| Low SES 2 | −.417* | 0.235 | ||||
| EOWPVT-2 | Intercept | −1.095 | 0.246 | 8.42 (9, 226) | .259 | < .0001 |
| SSD group | ||||||
| Low MSW | −.695** | 0.226 | ||||
| Resolved SSD | −.255* | 0.148 | ||||
| Persistent SSD | −.7685*** | 0.199 | ||||
| No SSD-AD | REF | |||||
| Low PIQ | −.995*** | 0.201 | ||||
| Low SES 1 | −.691** | 0.328 | ||||
| Male gender | .464*** | 0.131 | ||||
| WA | Intercept | −.879 | 0.194 | 34.05 (4, 263) | .345 | < .0001 |
| SSD group | ||||||
| Low MSW | −1.315*** | 0.19 | ||||
| Resolved SSD | ns | 0.123 | ||||
| Persistent SSD | −1.078*** | 0.17 | ||||
| No SSD-AD | REF | |||||
| Low PIQ | −1.017*** | 0.181 | ||||
| WI | Intercept | −.976 | 0.233 | 16.13 (8, 246) | .352 | < .0001 |
| SSD group | ||||||
| Low MSW | −1.3565*** | 0.226 | ||||
| Resolved SSD | ns | 0.141 | ||||
| Persistent SSD | −1.069*** | 0.193 | ||||
| No SSD-AD | REF | |||||
| Low PIQ | −1.097*** | 0.201 | ||||
| Low SES 1 | −.631* | 0.33 | ||||
| TWS-3 | Intercept | −.883 | 0.228 | 17.65 (8, 244) | .374 | < .0001 |
| SSD group | ||||||
| Low MSW | −1.157*** | 0.221 | ||||
| Resolved SSD | ns | 0.138 | ||||
| Persistent SSD | −1.193*** | 0.194 | ||||
| No SSD-AD | REF | |||||
| Low PIQ | 1.163*** | 0.197 | ||||
| Low SES 1 | −.790** | 0.323 | ||||
| Low SES 2 | −.478** | 0.227 | ||||
| RC | Intercept | −.917 | 0.241 | 19.66 (4, 190) | .297 | < .0001 |
| SSD group | ||||||
| Low MSW | −1.074*** | 0.25 | ||||
| Resolved SSD | −0.491** | 0.165 | ||||
| Persistent SSD | −0.963*** | 0.239 | ||||
| No SSD-AD | REF | |||||
| Low PIQ | −1.207*** | 0.225 | ||||
| CELF-3 | Intercept | −.945 | 0.246 | 17.41 (8, 192) | .431 | < .0001 |
| SSD group | ||||||
| Low MSW | −1.282*** | 0.242 | ||||
| Resolved SSD | −.447** | 0.153 | ||||
| Persistent SSD | −1.138*** | 0.216 | ||||
| No SSD-AD | REF | |||||
| Low PIQ | −1.325*** | 0.21 | ||||
| Low SES 1 | −1.036** | 0.355 | ||||
Note. SSD = speech sound disorders; PIQ = Performance IQ scores from the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–Third Edition (WISC-III) or Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV); SES = Ratings on the Hollingshead Four Factor Index of Social Class (1 = low SES, 5 = high SES); MSW = Multisyllabic Word Repetition task; Low SES 1 = Hollingshead rating of 1; Low SES 2 = Hollingshead rating of 2; PPVT-4 = Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test–Fourth Edition; REF = reference group; EOWPVT-2 = Expressive One Word Picture Vocabulary Test–Second Edition; WA = Word Attack subtest of the Woodcock Reading Mastery Tests–Revised (WRMT-R); ns = not significant; WI = Word Identification subtest of the WRMT-R; TWS-3 = Test of Written Spelling–Third Edition; RC = Reading Comprehension subtest of the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WIAT); CELF-3 = Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals–Third Edition.
p < .10.
p < .05.
p < .001.