Table 1.
Baseline participant characteristics by diabetes status
| Non-diabetes mean (± SD) |
Diabetes mean (± SD) |
F, χ2, or U | p╬ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 1115 | 378 | ||
| Age (years) | 76.3 (± 6.7) | 75.4 (± 5.8) | 5.01 | 0.03 |
| Education (years) | 11.2 (± 4.7) | 9.9 (± 4.8) | 21.88 | <0.001 |
| Sex (% women) | 67.5 | 66.6 | 0.10 | 0.76 |
| Ethnic group (%) | <0.0001 | |||
| Non-Hispanic white | 36.4 | 22.2 | ||
| Non-Hispanic black | 31.4 | 34.4 | 13.93 | <0.001 (vs. white) |
| Hispanic | 31.0 | 39.9 | 23.84 | <0.001 (vs. white) |
| Other | 1.2 | 3.4 | 17.46 | <0.001 (vs. white) |
| APOE genotype (% ε4 carrier) | 27.4 | 20.7 | 5.61 | 0.02 |
| Current smoker (%) | 10.5 | 10.1 | 0.04 | 0.84 |
| Hypertension history (%) | 73.7 | 85.2 | 14.60 | <0.001 |
| Stroke history (%) | 13.7 | 21.3 | 8.73 | 0.003 |
| CRP, median (interquartile) mg/L† | 5.0 (2.7–13.4) | 7.4 (3.8–19.3) | U=88973.00 Z=−3.19 |
<0.001 |
| HDL* | 49.5 (± 14.9) | 45.0 (± 13.1) | 19.80 | <0.001 |
| Non-HDL cholesterol* | 152.1(± 36.8) | 146.6 (± 37.4) | 4.54 | 0.03 |
| Baseline memory Z score | 0.31 (± 0.71) | 0.24 (± 0.65) | 2.67 | 0.10 |
| Baseline language Z score | 0.36 (± 0.62) | 0.15 (± 0.61) | 32.33 | <0.001 |
| Baseline speed/executive function Z score | 0.43 (± 0.79) | 0.22 (± 0.89) | 11.69 | 0.001 |
| Baseline visuospatial Z score | 0.36 (± 0.56) | 0.19 (± 0.62) | 24.61 | <0.001 |
| Follow-up time (years) | 6.05 (± 3.02) | 6.05 (± 3.06) | <.0001 | 0.99 |
SD = standard deviation; APOE = apolipoprotein E; CRP = C-reactive protein; HDL = high-density lipoprotein
*
Based on 1135 participants. 358 participants were excluded from the analysis due to missing data on lipids information.
†
Based on 1060 participants. 433 participants were excluded from the analysis due to missing CRP data.
╬
P-values from Chi-squared test for categorical variables, from Mann-Whitney U test for CRP, and from analysis of variance (ANOVA) for all other continuous variables.