Table 3.

GEE models of cognitive performance at baseline and over time as a function of diabetes status

	Memory		Language		Processing speed/executive functioning		Visuospatial
Model 1: Unadjusted	B	p	B	p	B	p	B	p
Diabetes (Yes vs. No)	−0.094	0.031	−0.205	<0.001	−0.170	0.003	−0.165	<0.001
Time (year)	−0.022	<0.001	−0.001	0.738	−0.032	<.001	0.001	0.830
Diabetes X Time	0.004	0.634	0.006	0.386	−0.023	0.095	0.002	0.741
Model 2: Adjusted for age, education, sex, ethnicity, and APOE genotype	B	p	B	p	B	p	B	p
Diabetes (Yes vs. No)	−0.020	0.603	−0.090	0.004	−0.087	0.102	−0.080	0.004
Time (year)	0.002	0.626	0.008	0.015	−0.021	0.001	0.006	0.056
Diabetes X Time	0.010	0.217	0.010	0.098	−0.011	0.383	0.008	0.164
Model 3: Adjusted for age, education, sex, ethnicity, APOE genotype, and vascular risk factors*	B	p	B	p	B	p	B	p
Diabetes (Yes vs. No)	−0.052	0.276	−0.077	0.046	−0.130	0.052	−0.084	0.015
Time (year)	0.002	0.657	0.008	0.037	−0.022	0.006	0.005	0.171
Diabetes X Time	0.015	0.129	0.013	0.079	−0.008	0.617	0.009	0.177

All predictors were simultaneously included in each GEE model.

APOE = apolipoprotein E

^*Model adjusted for age, education, sex, ethnicity, APOE genotype (APOE ε4 carrier versus noncarriers), vascular risk factors (history of stroke, hypertension, high density lipoprotein [HDL] and non-HDL cholesterol levels, and smoking) and C-reactive protein level