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The phase diagram for emergence of modularity. Below a critical mutation rate, modularity spontaneously emerges. Results are shown for f(M) = kM2/2 (solid), f(M) = kM3/2 (long-dashed), f(M) = kM4/2 (short-dashed), f(M) = kM10/2 (dotted), and f(M) = ekM − kM − 1 (dot-dashed). Results here are shown for l = 10,L = 120.
