Table 4.

Taxonomic Classification for Temporomandibular Disorders

I. TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DISORDERS

1. Joint pain

A. Arthralgia

B. Arthritis

2. Joint disorders

A. Disc disorders

1. Disc displacement with reduction

2. Disc displacement with reduction with intermittent locking

3. Disc displacement without reduction with limited opening

4. Disc displacement without reduction without limited opening

B. Other hypomobility disorders

1. Adhesions / adherence

2. Ankylosis

a. Fibrous

b. Osseous

C. Hypermobility disorders

1. Dislocations

a. Sublaxation

b. Luxation

3. Joint diseases

A. Degenerative joint disease

1. Osteoarthrosis

2. Osteoarthritis

B. Systemic arthritides

C. Condylysis/idiopathic condylar resorption

D. Osteochondritis dissecans

E. Ostronecrosis

F. Neoplasm

G. Synovial chondromatosis

4. Fractures

5. Congenital/developmental disorders

A. Aplasia

B. Hypoplasia

C. Hyperplasia

II. MASTICATORY MUSCLE DISORDERS

1. Muscle pain

A. Myalgia

1. Local myalgia

2. Myofascial pain

3. Myofascial pain with referral

B. Tendonitis

C. Myositis

D. Spasm

2. Contracture

3. Hypertrophy

4. Neoplasm

5. Movement disorders

A. Orofacial dyskinesia

B. Oromandibular dystonia

6. Masticatory muscle pain attributed to systemic/central pain disorders

A. Fibromyalgia/ widespread pain

III. HEADACHE

1. Headache attributed to TMD

IV. ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES

1. Coronoid hyperplasia

Table developed in collaboration with Peck and colleagues.⁴³