(A) X-gal staining of skulls of one-week-old P0-Cre−;Rosa26 and P0-Cre+;Rosa26 mice. P=parietal bone; F=frontal bone; N=nasal bone. (B) Immunoblotting analysis of TSC1, p-S6, S6 and Vinculin protein level in frontal and nasal bones of one-week-old CTR and CKO mice. (C, D) Quantification of TSC1 (C) and p-S6 (D) protein level, normalized to Vinculin and S6 respectively. #p<0.001, n=5 per group. (E) Immuno-staining of p-S6 in frontal bone of one-month-old CTR and CKO mice. Arrows point to p-S6+ cells. Scale bar=40µm. (F) Quantification of p-S6 positive cell number per bone perimeter at the frontal bone extracranial periosteum of one-month-old CTR and CKO mice. *p<0.05, n=5 per group. For C, D, and F, the data were presented as mean ± SD.