Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the three study groups at baseline and after 3 and 6 months of follow-up.
| Group 1 (n = 25) |
Group 2 (n = 27) |
Group 3 (n = 19) |
All (n = 71) |
p ∗ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (M/F) | 15/10 | 16/11 | 11/8 | 42/29 | 0.699 |
|
| |||||
| Age (years) | 16.1 ± 3.1 | 16.0 ± 3.4 | 16.5 ± 4.3 | 16.3 ± 3.4 | 0.916 |
|
| |||||
| Diabetes duration (years) | 7.7 ± 4.9 | 8.2 ± 5.6 | 8.8 ± 5.7 | 8.1 ± 5.2 | 0.743 |
|
| |||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21 ± 2 | 22 ± 3 | 21 ± 3 | 21 ± 3 | 0.911 |
|
| |||||
| Insulin requirement (U/kg/day) | 0.83 ± 0.26 | 0.85 ± 0.31 | 0.77 ± 0.33 | 0.83 ± 0.29 | 0.775 |
|
| |||||
| Insulin requirement (U/kg/day) after 3 months | 0.74 ± 0.18 0.049 versus baseline |
0.86 ± 0.27 | 0.86 ± 0.19 | 0.82 ± 0.21 | 0.211 |
|
| |||||
| Insulin requirement (U/kg/day) after 6 months | 0.85 ± 0.30 0.007 versus 3 mo |
0.83 ± 0.29 | 0.89 ± 0.19 | 0.86 ± 0.26 | 0.887 |
|
| |||||
| Basal dose (U/day - %) | 25.5 ± 8.6 (50 ± 11) |
25.4 ± 7.6 (51 ± 9) |
28.4 ± 12.2 (50 ± 11) |
26.4 ± 9.5 (50 ± 10) |
0.733 0.789 |
|
| |||||
| Basal dose (U/day - %) after 3 months |
25.9 ± 9.4 (53 ± 12) |
25.4 ± 8.0 (51 ± 7) |
29.4 ± 10.7 (52 ± 8) |
27.0 ± 9.4 (52 ± 9) |
0.513 0.563 |
|
| |||||
| Basal dose (U/day - %) after 6 months |
25.8 ± 9.4 (52 ± 14) |
25.6 ± 8.3 (52 ± 9) |
29.6 ± 11.3 (52 ± 9) |
27.2 ± 9.7 (59 ± 10) |
0.513 0.996 |
|
| |||||
| Bolus dose (U/day - %) | 26.3 ± 10.8 (50 ± 12) |
25.6 ± 13.2 (51 ± 9) |
24.4 ± 9.0 (47 ± 7) |
25.4 ± 11.0 (49 ± 9) |
0.916 0.739 |
|
| |||||
| Bolus dose (U/day - %) after 3 months |
22.0 ± 9.4 (47 ± 12) 0.047 versus baseline |
25.8 ± 11.9 (49 ± 7) |
25.9 ± 6.4 (48 ± 8) |
24.6 ± 9.2 (48 ± 9) |
0.401 0.564 |
|
| |||||
| Bolus dose (U/day - %) after 6 months |
25.9 ± 13.3 (48 ± 14) |
24.1 ± 12.4 (47 ± 9) |
25.9 ± 6.1 (48 ± 9) |
25.3 ± 10.6 (48 ± 11) |
0.864 0.989 |
|
| |||||
| HbA1c (%) | 7.97 ± 1.19 | 7.96 ± 1.04 | 7.91 ± 0.76 | 7.96 ± 1.04 | 0.856 |
|
| |||||
| Reactive hyperemia index | 1.40 ± 0.68 | 1.39 ± 0.41 | 1.58 ± 0.64 | 1.47 ± 0.59 | 0.349 |
|
| |||||
| Reactive hyperemia index after 6 months |
1.72 ± 0.66 0.045 versus baseline |
1.58 ± 0.40 | 1.54 ± 0.42 | 1.62 ± 0.51 | 0.002 |
|
| |||||
| ORAC in the diet | 8872,43 ± 5378,22 | 9771,96 ± 6266,26 | 9503,25 ± 9973,67 | 9382,55 ± 7206,05 | 0.638 |
|
| |||||
| ORAC in the diet at 3 months | 11844,09 ± 5603,01 | 12874,04 ± 7165,52 | 8489,71 ± 6946,57 | 11069,28 ± 6571,53 | 0.036 |
|
| |||||
| ORAC in the diet at 6 months | 12518,70 ± 5908,64 | 15496,83 ± 6897,98 | 11306,83 ± 11737,31 | 13107,45 ± 8181,31 | 0.098 |
∗By MANOVA test.
BMI = body mass index; HbA1c = glycosylated hemoglobin; ORAC = oxygen radical absorbance capacity.