Table 1.

List of included studies, all describing pregnancy and neonatal outcomes in Indigenous Australians with diabetes in pregnancy

Ref.	Year	Title	Study region	Years studied	Total study size	Total women with DIP	Number of Indigenous women with DIP	Outcome measured	Findings
Stanley et al[25]	1985	Congenital malformations in infants of mothers with diabetes and epilepsy in Western Australia, 1980-1982	WA	1980-1982	62265	225	52	Congenital anomalies	Relative risk of malformations in Aboriginal DIP - 5.6 compared to 1.9 in non-Aboriginal DIP. Attributable risk however, is low
Bower et al[24]	1992	Birth defects in the infants of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal mothers with diabetes in Western Australia	WA	1980-1984	111019	427	98	Congenital anomalies	Prevalence ratio for birth defects in Aboriginal children is 4.85 for insulin dependent DM and 3.64 for non-insulin dependent DM, compared to 2.08 and 3.64 respectively for non-Aboriginal children
Blair[23]	1996	Why do Aboriginal newborns weigh less? Determinants of birthweight for gestation	WA	1980's	1301	672	159	Birth weight	Aboriginal newborns weigh 180 g less than non-Aboriginal (DIP and non-DIP)
Sharpe et al[22]	2005	Maternal Diabetes and Congenital Anomalies in South Australia 1986-2000: A Population-Based Cohort Study	SA	1986-2000	282260	7681	432	Congenital anomalies	Congenital anomalies significantly higher in mothers with DIP, relative risk 2.01. No difference with ethnicity
Davis et al[28]	2009	Maternal and neonatal outcomes following diabetes in pregnancy in Far North Queensland, Australia	North Queensland	2004	506831	136	59	C-section, hypoglycaemia, resp distress, abnormal birth weight, term delivery	Compared with non-Indigenous women, Indigenous women had smaller babies, less term deliveries, more severe neonatal hypoglycaemia. Worse outcomes than national and state data
Falhammar et al[19]	2010	Maternal and neonatal outcomes in the Torres Strait Islands with a sixfold increase in type 2 diabetes in pregnancy over six years	North Queensland	1999, 2005/2006	454	37	32	C-section, large baby, neonatal trauma, hypoglycaemia	DIP infants heavier (700 g), taller (1.9 cm), more neonatal trauma and hypoglycaemia
Porter et al[26]	2011	What is the impact of diabetes for Australian Aboriginal women when pregnant?	WA	2000-2007	81617	5987	531	Birth weight, C-section, stillbirth	Indigenous infants’ high birth weight, stillbirth rate = 22/1000 for GDM and 53/1000 for pre-existing DM, compared with 3/100 and 11/1000 for Caucasians
Davis et al[29]	2013	A threefold increase in gestational diabetes over two years: Review of screening practices and pregnancy outcomes in Indigenous women of Cape York, Australia	North Queensland	2006, 2008	261	31	31	C-section, birth weight, hypoglycaemia	Higher rates of C-section (66 vs 25%), higher birth weight and increased rate of hypoglycaemia (> 40%) in DIP vs non-DIP Indigenous mothers and babies

¹136 local mothers were compared to diabetic mothers in a national benchmark study (n = 496) and to all pregnant data in Queensland 2004 (n = 50051). DIP: Diabetes in pregnancy; C-section: Caesarean section.