Table 4.
Walking speed related outcomes (pre-speed, post-speed, and ΔSpeed; m/s) and effect sizes (ESintro and ESinter).a,b,c,d
| Study | Group | Walking Test, Speed/ Distance |
Pre, Sample Size |
Mean Pre- Speed (SD) |
Post, Sample Size |
Mean Post-Speed (SD) |
Mean Δ Speed |
SSintra | ESintra | SSinterc | ESinterc |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hoyer et al, 201225 | ExG | Fast/10 m | 30 | 0.22 (0.14) | 30 | 0.40 (0.27) | 0.18 | Yes | 1.29 | No | 0.16 |
| CG | 30 | 0.20 (0.13) | 30 | 0.36 (0.24) | 0.16 | Yes | 1.23 | ||||
| Globas et al, 201222 | ExG | Self-selected/10 m | 20 | 0.73 (0.28) | 18 | 0.79 (0.29) | 0.06 | No | 0.21 | No | 0.23 |
| CG | 18 | 0.70 (0.44) | 18 | 0.70 (0.46) | 0.00 | No | 0.00 | ||||
| Kuys et al, 201123 | ExG | Self-selected/10 m | 15 | 0.34 (0.2) | 13 | 0.63 (0.3)¥ | 0.29† | NA | 1.45 | Yes | −0.15 |
| CG | 15 | 0.58 (0.36) | 15 | 0.68 (0.37) | 0.10 | NA | 0.28 | ||||
| Duncan et al, 201126 | ExG | Self-selected/10 m | 139 | 0.37 (0.22) | 139 | 0.62 (NA)¥ | 0.25† | NA | 1.14 | No* | NA |
| ExG | 143 | 0.51 (NA) | 143 | 0.62 (NA) | 0.11 | NA | NA | No* | |||
| CG | 126 | 0.39 (0.22) | 126 | 0.62 (NA)¥ | 0.23† | NA | 1.05 | ||||
| Langhammer et al, 201024 | ExG | Self-selected/10 m | 21 | 0.8 (0.5) | 21 | 1.0 (0.4) | 0.20† | Yes | 0.40 | Yes | 0.25 |
| CG | 18 | 0.8 (0.4) | 18 | 0.9 (0.4) | 0.10 | Yes | 0.25 | ||||
| Dean et al, 201027 | ExG | Self-selected/10 m | 64 | NA | 38 | 0.57 (0.36) | NA | NA | NA | No | 0.31 |
| CG | 62 | NA | 32 | 0.47 (0.28) | NA | NA | NA | ||||
| Luft et al, 200813 | ExG | Fast/10 m | 37 | 0.72 (0.4) | 37 | 0.82 (NA) | 0.10 | NA | 0.25 | No | NA |
| CG | 34 | 0.66 (0.33) | 34 | 0.71 (NA) | 0.05 | NA | 0.15 | ||||
| Macko et al, 200514 | ExG | Self-selected/10 m | 32 | 0.63 (0.06) | 25 | 0.74 (0.06) | 0.11 | Yes | 1.83 | No | −0.28 |
| CG | 29 | 0.67 (0.07) | 20 | 0.76 (0.08) | 0.09 | Yes | 1.29 | ||||
| Suputtitada et al, 200415 | ExG | Self-selected/10 m | 24 | 0.41 (0.2) | 24 | 0.49 (0.23) | 0.08 | Yes | 0.38 | No | 1.06 |
| CG | 24 | 0.22 (0.13) | 24 | 0.28 (0.16) | 0.06 | Yes | 0.46 | ||||
| Ada et al, 200316 | ExG | Self-selected/10 m | 13 | 0.62 (0.24) | 11 | 0.75 (0.26) | 0.13 | NA | 0.54 | Yes | 0.67 |
| CG | 14 | 0.53 (0.3) | 14 | 0.56 (0.30) | 0.03 | NA | 0.10 | ||||
| Pohl et al, 200217 | ExG | Fast/10 m | 20 | 0.61 (0.32) | 20 | 1.63 (0.8) | 1.02 | Yes | 3.19 | Yes* | 0.91* |
| ExG | 20 | 0.66 (0.39) | 20 | 1.22 (0.74) | 0.56 | Yes | 1.44 | Yes* | 0.36* | ||
| CG | 20 | 0.66 (0.42) | 20 | 0.97 (0.64) | 0.31 | Yes | 0.74 | ||||
| da Cunha et al, 200218 | ExG | Fast/5 m | 7 | 0.36 (0.25) | 6 | 0.59 (0.29) | 0.23 | No | 0.92 | No | 1.22 |
| CG | 8 | 0.12 (0.15) | 7 | 0.27 (0.23) | 0.15 | No | 1.00 | ||||
| Nilsson et al, 200119 | ExG | Self-selected/10 m | 18 | 0.40 (0.2) | 31 | 0.60 (0.4) | 0.20† | Yes | 1.00 | No | 0.00 |
| CG | 19 | 0.40 (0.2) | 32 | 0.60 (0.3) | 0.20† | Yes | 1.00 | ||||
| Laufer et al, 200120 | ExG | Fast/10 m | 15 | 0.20 (0.12) | 13 | 0.47 (0.4) | 0.27 | Yes | 2.25 | No | 0.42 |
| CG | 14 | 0.18 (0.16) | 12 | 0.33 (0.24) | 0.15 | Yes | 0.94 | ||||
| Kosak and Reding, 200021 | ExG | Self-selected/2 minutes | 22 | 0.08 (0.02) | 22 | 0.18 (0.03) | 0.10 | Yes | 5.00 | No | 0.00 |
| CG | 34 | 0.08 (0.02) | 34 | 0.18 (0.02) | 0.10 | Yes | 5.00 |
Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; ExG, experimental group; CG, control group; NA, not available.
a
The symbol ¥ denotes transitioning to higher functional category of self-selected walking speed.
b
The symbol † denotes a study in which the ΔSpeed (ie self-selected) was greater than 0.16 m/s (minimally clinically important difference).
c
The symbol * denotes the comparisons between ExG and CG.
d
Rows in boldface denote studies that used body weight support treadmill training (n = 7)