Table 1. Effects of various intrinsic and extrinsic factors on trypanosome development within the tsetse fly vector.

Factors	Produced by	Effect	References
Attacin	Tsetse fly	Trypanocidal activity	Hao et al., 2001; Hu and Aksoy, 2006
Diptericin	Tsetse fly	Trypanocidal activity	Hao et al., 2001; Hu and Aksoy, 2006
Glutamin/proline-rich (EP) protein	Tsetse fly	Inhibits trypanosome establishment	Haines et al., 2010
Reactive oxygen species	Tsetse fly	Inhibits trypanosome establishment	Hao et al., 2001; Lehane et al., 2003; Hu and Aksoy, 2006; Nayduch and Aksoy, 2007; MacLeod et al., 2007a
Nitrogen monoxide (NO)	Tsetse fly	Promotes trypanosome migration to salivary glands and maturation	MacLeod et al., 2007b
L-Cysteine	Tsetse fly	Promotes trypanosome migration to salivary glands and maturation	MacLeod et al., 2007b
Purines	Tsetse fly	Promotes trypanosome survival	Henriques et al., 2003
Heat-shock protein 70 Heat-shock protein 83	Trypanosome	Reaction against stress in fly midgut	Simo et al., 2010
Starvation	Tsetse fly	Increases establishment and/or maturation of trypanosome in tsetse fly and offspring	Kubi et al., 2006