Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics of studies eligible for the review.
| Year | Authors | Country | Study time period | Study design | Study location (geographical) | Vaccine delivery mechanism | Study population | Variables adjusted | Overall risk of bias | Data extracted |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2009 | Rondy et al. (10) | Netherlands | Retrospective chart review | Netherlands | Healthcare setting | 384,869 girls aged 13–16 years | MMR vaccination status, year of birth, country of birth, socioeconomic status | Low | OR | |
| 2012 | Leval et al. (11) | Sweden | 1 January, 2006 to 31 December, 2010 | Retrospective cohort study | Sweden | Healthcare setting | 2,209,263 women aged 10–44 years | Age | Low | RRR |
| 2011 | Widgren et al. (12) | Denmark | 1 January to 31 December 2009 | Register-based retrospective cohort study | Denmark | Healthcare setting | 33,838 girls born in 1996 | Place of origin, age of mother, number of siblings, place of residence, urban/rural (population density), MMR and DT vaccination | Low | HR |
| 2011 | Lefevere et al. (13) | Belgium | January 2007 to June 2009 | Retrospective chart review | Female members of the National Alliance of Christian Mutualities Flanders, Belgium | Healthcare setting | 117,151 girls aged 12–18 years | Year of birth, preferential treatment, median income neighborhood, reimbursement regime | Low | HR |
| 2011 | Giambi et al. (14) | Italy | 2007–2009 | Prospective cohort study | 10 Local Health Units in six of Italy’s 21 Regions | Healthcare setting | 1,032 women aged 18–26 years | Age, geographic area, nationality, education, employment status, marital status | Low | OR |
| 2013 | Lions et al. (15) | France | 2007–2009 | Retrospective chart review | South-Eastern France | Healthcare setting | 105,327 girls aged 14–16 years | Age, CMU beneficiary, rural area, consultation with family physician, year of initiation, specialty of initiation, consultation with a specialist | Low | RR |
| 2010 | Rouzier et al. (16) | France | July 2007 to April/May 2009 | Retrospective chart review | Paris | Healthcare setting | 77,744 women aged 14–23 years affiliated to social security | – | Moderate | Pearson correlation coefficient and p-value |
| 2013 | Ganry et al. (17) | France | 2009–2010 | Retrospective chart review | Picardy, France | Healthcare setting | 138,042 women aged from 14 to 23 years affiliated to social security | – | Moderate | Pearson correlation coefficient and p-value |
| 2013 | Lutringer-Magnin et al. (18) | France | June–August 2009 | Cross-sectional survey | Rhone-Alpes region | Healthcare setting | 502 women aged 14–23 years | Age, family status, hepatitis B vaccination, mother had had regular Pap Smear | Moderate | OR |
| 2011 | Blödt et al. (19) | Germany | 2010 | Cross-sectional survey | Six vocational schools, Berlin | Healthcare setting | 259 girls and 245 boys aged 18–25 years | Years of school education, migration background, past sexual intercourse | High | OR |
| 2013 | Fisher et al. (20) | UK | 2008/09 to 2010/2011 | Retrospective cohort study | Three Primary Care Trusts (PCTs)/local authorities in the South West of England | PCTs | 14,282 girls born between 1 September 1995 and 31 August 1998 | Ethnicity, deprivation quintile, PCT/local authority responsible for delivery, program year, MMR vaccination receipt, educational setting, educational attainment | Low | OR |
| 2008 | Brabin et al. (21) | UK | February 2007 | Prospective cohort study | 36 secondary schools in two PCTs in Greater Manchester, UK | PCTs | 2,817 schoolgirls in year 8 (12 and 13 years old) | – | Moderate | Logistic regression |
| 2010 | Kumar et al. (22) | UK | 2008–2009 | Retrospective chart review | 152 Primary Care Trust (PCT) in England | PCTs | 4,177 women | Ethnicity, childhood vaccination, cervical screening, primary care quality | Low | Regression coefficient |
| 2011 | Roberts et al. (23) | UK | 2007–2008 | Prospective cohort study | Two primary care trusts in Manchester | PCTs | 2,817 girls aged 12–13 years | Area level deprivation, ethnicity | Low | OR |
| 2013 | Spencer et al. (24) | UK | 2009–2010 | Retrospective chart review | PCT in North West of England | PCTs | 112,451 girls | PCT of residence, deprivation, ethnicity | Low | OR |
| 2014 | Hughes et al. (25) | UK | 2008–2011 | Retrospective chart review | 151 PCT, England | PCT | 2,493,698 girls aged 12–17 years | – | Moderate | Spearman Rank correlation coefficients and p-value |
| 2013 | Sinka et al. (26) | Scotland | September 2008 to August 2011 | Retrospective chart review | Scotland | School and Healthcare setting | 86,769 girls aged 12–13 years, and 139,742 aged 13–17 | Year of delivery, deprivation, entitled to free school meals (FSM) | Low | OR |
| 2012 | Donadiki et al. (27) | Greece | September 2010 to October 2011 | Cross-sectional survey | Higher education Institutes in Athens: seven Universities and two Technological Educational Institutes | Healthcare setting | 3,153 women aged 18–26 years | Age, educational level, smoking status, employment status, relationship status, parent’s educational status, accessibility to health care services, use of condom | Low | OR |
| 2012 | Stöcker et al. (28) | Germany | September– December 2010 | Cross-sectional survey | 10th grade school students in Berlin | Healthcare setting | 238 girls aged 14–18 years | Age, negative attitude toward vaccination in general | High | OR |
| 2013 | Bertaut et al. (29) | France | October 2010 to May 2011 | Cross-sectional survey | Middle and high schools in the Department of Côte d’Or, France | Healthcare setting | 948 girls aged 14–19 years | School status, school area, physician’s recommendation, mother socioeconomic status, father socioeconomic status, composition of the family, tobacco use, talk about sexuality with parents | Moderate | OR |
| 2013 | Spencer et al. (30) | UK | 2011 | Retrospective chart review | North-West of England | PCTs | 117,343 girls aged 12–16 years | Mother’s cervical screening attendance, abnormal cervical screening history, eligibility for screening | Low | OR |
| 2014 | Mollers et al. (31) | Netherlands | 2010 | Cross-sectional survey | Netherlands | Healthcare setting | 2,989 girls aged 16–17 years | Degree of urbanization, alcohol consumption, ever had sex, participation of mother to cervical cancer screening, program, religion | Low | OR |
| 2012 | Steens et al. (32) | Netherlands | 2009 | Retrospective chart review | Netherlands | Healthcare setting | 337,368 girls aged 13–16 years | Mother’s screening, participation, socio-economic status, urban/rural area, ethnicity | Low | OR |
MMR, measles, mumps, and rubella; DT, diphteria, tetanus; CMU, complementary social welfare healthcare program; PCT, primary care trust; OR, odds-ratio; RRR, relative risk ratio; HR, hazard risk.