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Perioperative heart rate. (a) Mean ± SEM percent change in HR from baseline at each of three time points for the two treatment groups. (b) Perioperative changes in HR by individual pig (bupivacaine group, n = 5; saline group, n = 3). The HR was significantly lower in the bupivacaine treatment group overall (p = .044) but not at any individual time point.
