TABLE 1.
Ethogram for postoperative pain assessment
| Behavior | Score | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Appetite | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | ||
| None | Mild | Moderate | Aggressive | |||
| Urination | 0 | 1 | ||||
| None | Urine | |||||
| Defecation | 0 | 1 | ||||
| None | Feces | |||||
| Ambulation | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
| Recumbent | Uncoordinated | Sluggish | Normal | Hyperactive | ||
| Vocalization | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | ||
| None | Grunt | Whine | Squeal | |||
| Non-purposeful movement | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | ||
| None | Mild | Moderate | Violent | |||
| Mentation | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| Nonresponsive | Obtunded | Dull | Quiet | Bright | Hyper-responsive | |
Note: A custom ethogram was used to assess clinical pain in pigs postoperatively. Assessments were completed every 15 min for the first 2 h after extubation with a final reading at 4 h after extubation.