Table 4.
Associations of predisposing, enabling, need and health behaviour characteristics with use of CAM (N = 1500): odds ratios (OR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI)
| Crude OR (95 % CI) | Adjusted OR (95 % CI)a | |
|---|---|---|
| Predisposing variables | ||
| Age (years) | ||
| ≤20 | 0.78 (0.10–6.06) | |
| ≥36 | 1.15 (0.71–1.88) | |
| 21–35 | 1.00 (ref.) | |
| Ethnicity | ||
| Non-western | 1.01 (0.42–2.40) | |
| Western non-Dutch | 1.43 (0.79–2.61) | |
| Native Dutch | 1.00 (ref.) | |
| Marital status | ||
| Living alone | 1.28 (0.44–3.72) | |
| Married or living together | 1.00 (ref.) | |
| Occupation | ||
| Unemployed | 1.14 (0.70–1.86) | |
| Disabled | 1.46 (0.32–6.60) | |
| Employed | 1.00 (ref.) | |
| Educational level | ||
| Middle | 1.25 (0.63–2.50) | |
| High | 1.62 (0.84–3.12) | |
| Low | 1.00 (ref.) | |
| Intended place of delivery | ||
| Hospital/birth centre midwifery-led | 1.19 (0.83–1.71) | |
| Hospital consultant-led | 1.99 (0.56–7.10) | |
| Home | 1.00 (ref.) | |
| Religion | ||
| No | 1.11 (0.77–1.60) | |
| Yes | 1.00 (ref.) | |
| Enabling variables | ||
| Basic and supplementary health care insurance | ||
| Basic and supplementary | 2.92 (1.34–6.36) | 3.11 (1.41–6.85) |
| Basic | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| Net household income | ||
| > €2000 | 1.65 (0.86–3.14) | |
| < €2000 | 1.00 (ref.) | |
| Accessibility of care (phone) | ||
| Problems | 1.05 (0.66–1.66) | |
| No problems | 1.00 (ref.) | |
| Accessibility of care (getting to and from the practice) | ||
| Problems | 1.04 (0.44–2.48) | |
| No problems | 1.00 (ref.) | |
| Need variables | ||
| General self-rated health | ||
| Excellent/Very good | 1.07 (0.72–1.60) | 1.29 (0.91–1.82) |
| Bad/Fair | 2.81 (1.78–4.43) | 2.63 (1.65–4.21) |
| Good | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| Quality of life (EuroQol) | ||
| Poor health status | 1.84 (1.26–2.70) | |
| Good health status | 1.00 (ref.) | |
| Chronic illnesses or handicaps | ||
| Yes | 2.36 (1.44–3.87) | 1.93 (1.14-3.27) |
| No | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| PRAQ*-Child | ||
| Fear | 1.08 (0.75–1.56) | |
| No fear | 1.00 (ref.) | |
| PRAQ*-Delivery | ||
| Fear | 1.78 (0.51–6.24) | |
| No fear | 1.00 (ref.) | |
| PRAQ*-Body | ||
| Fear | 1.26 (0.86–1.84) | |
| No fear | 1.00 (ref.) | |
| Planned and wantedness of pregnancy** | ||
| Wanted, not planned | 1.18 (0.74–1.89) | |
| Planned and wanted | 1.00 (ref.) | |
| BMI | ||
| ≤18.5 | 1.67 (0.68–4.09) | |
| 25–< 30 | 1.02 (0.64–1.61) | |
| ≥30 | 0.73 (0.29–1.85) | |
| 18.5–< 25 | 1.00 (ref.) | |
| Parity | ||
| Primi/multiparous | 1.11 (0.78–1.58) | |
| Nulliparous | 1.00 (ref.) | |
| Difference between number of pregnancies and number of births | ||
| ≥2 | 1.15 (0.77–1.71) | |
| 1 | 1.00 (ref.) | |
| Health behaviour variables | ||
| Locus of control | ||
| No | 0.77 (0.42–1.40) | |
| Yes | 1.00 (ref.) | |
| Folic acid use | ||
| No | 0.91 (0.44–1.89) | |
| Yes, inadequately | 1.20 (0.83–1.72) | |
| Yes, adequately | 1.00 (ref.) | |
| Smoking | ||
| Yes | 1.88 (1.08–3.27) | 1.88 (1.06–3.33) |
| No | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| Passive smoking | ||
| Yes | 1.22 (0.62–2.42) | |
| No | 1.00 (ref.) | |
| Alcohol use | ||
| Yes | 2.28 (1.46–3.56) | 2.30 (1.46-3.63) |
| No | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Health care utilization in Midwifery Practice | ||
| Inadequate | 1.16 (0.76–1.76) | |
| Adequate plus | 0.66 (0.28–1.55) | |
| Adequate | 1.00 (ref.) | |
a = Corrected for all other variables in the adjusted model, predictors were considered in the final model if p-value was < 0.05
*PRAQ = Pregnancy Related Anxiety Questionnaire
**category ‘not wanted, not planned’ removed due to empty cells