Table 3.
Crude and adjusted rate ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for eye care utilization within one- and two-years of first clinic visit by demographic and disease characteristics
| Characteristics | Eye care ≤ 1 year | Eye care ≤ 2 years | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Eye care utilization per 100 patients | RR (95% CI) | aRR* (95% CI) | Eye care utilization per 100 patients | RR (95% CI) | aRR* (95% CI) | |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 33.3 | Ref | Ref | 46.1 | Ref | Ref |
| Female | 33.2 | 0.99 (0.78–1.26) | 0.95 (0.74–1.21) | 44.3 | 0.96 (0.78–1.18) | 0.94 (0.76–1.16) |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 28.7 | Ref | Ref | 38.4 | Ref | Ref |
| Non-Hispanic | 33.7 | 1.18 (0.86–1.61) | 1.16 (0.84–1.59) | 46.1 | 1.20 (0.92–1.58) | 1.19 (0.91–1.57) |
| African American | ||||||
| Hispanic | 42.3 | 1.48 (0.77–2.84) | 1.31 (0.64–2.67) | 57.7 | 1.50 (0.86–2.64) | 1.38 (0.75–2.53) |
| Other | 43.8 | 1.53 (0.69–3.38) | 1.40 (0.62–3.15) | 43.8 | 1.14 (0.52–2.49) | 1.05 (0.47–2.32) |
| Age Group1 | ||||||
| 65+ | 41.2 | Ref | Ref | 51.8 | Ref | Ref |
| 40–64 | 34.4 | 0.83 (0.58–1.19) | 0.76 (0.49–1.16) | 46.3 | 0.89 (0.65–1.22) | 0.85 (0.58–1.24) |
| 19–39 | 22.9 | 0.55 (0.34–0.90) | 0.48 (0.27–0.84) | 35.0 | 0.68 (0.45–1.02) | 0.61 (0.38–0.99) |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Not married | 32.1 | Ref | Ref | 43.6 | Ref | Ref |
| Married | 37.7 | 1.17 (0.89–1.55) | 1.08 (0.80–1.46) | 50.6 | 1.16 (0.91–1.47) | 1.09 (0.84–1.41) |
| Time since diabetes diagnosis2 | ||||||
| 10+ years | 36.4 | Ref | Ref | 47.3 | Ref | Ref |
| 5 to 9 years | 45.5 | 1.25 (0.74–2.12) | 1.23 (0.73–2.09) | 59.4 | 1.26 (0.79–1.99) | 1.22 (0.77–1.94) |
| 1 to 4 year | 31.0 | 0.85 (0.54–1.36) | 0.81 (0.50–1.31) | 43.0 | 0.91 (0.61–1.37) | 0.87 (0.57–1.32) |
| < 1 year | 31.7 | 0.87 (0.53–1.43) | 0.83 (0.50–1.39) | 42.2 | 0.89 (0.58–1.37) | 0.85 (0.54–1.33) |
| Diabetes severity | ||||||
| Controlled | 31.7 | Ref | Ref | 42.2 | Ref | Ref |
| Uncontrolled | 34.3 | 1.08 (0.85–1.38) | 1.14 (0.89–1.47) | 46.7 | 1.10 (0.90–1.36) | 1.14 (0.92–1.42) |
| With complications | 25.0 | 0.79 (0.20–3.20) | 0.86 (0.21–3.53) | 37.5 | 0.89 (0.28–2.79) | 0.93 (0.29–2.94) |
| Insurance type | ||||||
| Indigent | 34.2 | Ref | Ref | 46.2 | Ref | Ref |
| Medicare | 34.9 | 1.02 (0.77–1.35) | 0.79 (0.55–1.13) | 47.6 | 1.03 (0.81–1.31) | 0.86 (0.64–1.16) |
| Medicaid | 27.5 | 0.80 (0.54–1.20) | 0.76 (0.51–1.15) | 35.3 | 0.76 (0.54–1.08) | 0.73 (0.51–1.04) |
| Self-pay | 22.2 | 0.65 (0.29–1.47) | 0.63 (0.28–1.42) | 37.0 | 0.80 (0.43–1.51) | 0.78 (0.41–1.47) |
| Private | 31.3 | 0.91 (0.38–2.22) | 0.85 (0.35–2.09) | 43.8 | 0.95 (0.45–2.00) | 0.89 (0.42–1.89) |
*
Adjusted for sex, race, age group, marital status, time since diabetes diagnosis, diabetes severity, and insurance type.
1
Time since diabetes diagnosis not included in the adjusted model
2
Age not included in the adjusted model