Figure 5.

Viruses with P/SDI/V motifs are associated with BV and are more frequent among South Africa subtype C viruses. a P/SDI/V α4β7 binding motifs were significantly associated with concurrent BV infection as compared to those with LDI/L motifs (17/18 P/SDI/V motifs vs. 7/12 LDI/L motifs; *p = 0.026, Fisher exact test). b Fold differences of mean cytokine levels in CVL and plasma among 25 and 28 individuals respectively in the CAPRISA 002 cohort separated based on those that have P/SDI/V motifs (green, n = 15 and n = 17) and those that have LDI/L motifs (blue, n = 10 and n = 11). The intensity of the respective colours is indicative of the fold differences between the two groups (green = greater fold difference in P/SDI/V group; blue = greater fold difference in LDI/L group) which is ranked based on the CVL profile. c Global frequency of the P/SDI/V motif (green), LDI/V/L motif (blue) and other motifs (grey) among sequences from subtypes A, B, C and D from the Los Alamos database. Further breakdown of subtype C sequences according to the country of origin is shown in the box. Viruses from South Africa showed the highest frequency of P/SDI/V motifs (35%) with those from the CAPRISA 002 cohort exceeding this (48%; n = 20). d A maximum likelihood tree inferred using Fasttree of all subtype C gp160 sequences from the LANL database (n = 776) rooted on the 1959 Zaire sequence with HXB2 as an outgroup. Nodes are coloured according to the α4β7 binding motif (positions 179–181), South African sequences indicated by dotted lines and CAPRISA sequences indicated by red lines.