Table 1.

Nature of complications of pessary use and frequency of reporting classified by type of report⁷⁰–⁸⁰

Type of study	Case report	Case series	Total
No. studies	34	25	61
No. total subjects	52	1138	1190
Erosion	11	44	55
Infection	6	13	18
Vesicovaginal fistula	16	18	34
Bleeding	19	10	29
Ulceration	10	4	14
Death	4	5	9
Pain and discomfort	2	60	62
Vaginitis	3	14	17
Vaginal discharge	21	35	56
Foul odor	9	18	27
Cancer	9	0	9
Fibrosis	2	0	22
Rectovaginal fistula	2	0	2
Bilateral hydronephrosis with urosepsis	1	0	1
Bowel obstruction	1	0	1
Unilateral hydronephrosis	1	0	1
Ureteric obstruction	1	0	1
Hydronephrosis	1	0	1