Table 4.
Bivariate analyses: age 3 years predictors of DMDD at the age of 6 years
| No DMDD diagnosis (n = 424) |
DMDD diagnosis (n = 38) |
Odds ratio |
(95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child psychopathology and functioning | ||||
| Depressive disorder, n (%) | 6 (1.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0.00 | (0.00–0.00) |
| Anxiety disorder, n (%) | 81 (19.1) | 8 (21.1) | 1.13 | (0.50–2.56) |
| Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, n (%) | 8 (1.9) | 3 (7.9) | 4.46 | (1.13–17.56)* |
| Oppositional defiant disorder, n (%) | 36 (8.5) | 11 (28.9) | 4.39 | (2.01–9.58)*** |
| Mother-reported CBCL-DP positive, n (%) | 38 (9.0) | 10 (26.3) | 3.56 | (1.61–7.89)** |
| Father-reported CBCL-DP positive, n (%) | 16 (4.9) | 3 (9.4) | 1.99 | (0.55–7.24) |
| Mean teacher-reported popularity (s.d.) | 12.09 (2.77) | 10.50 (3.33) | 0.85 | (0.73–0.97)* |
| Mean teacher-reported low social competence (s.d.) | 11.41 (4.55) | 14.76 (5.66) | 1.13 | (1.04–1.24)** |
| Mean child PPVT (s.d.) | 102.85 (13.77) | 103.03 (11.23) | 1.00 | (0.98–1.03) |
| Mean child temperament (s.d.) | ||||
| Mother-reported CBQ negative affecta | −0.11 (2.67) | 0.05 (2.35) | 1.02 | (0.90–1.17) |
| Mother-reported CBQ surgencya | −0.14 (2.79) | 1.34 (2.50) | 1.22 | (1.07–1.39)** |
| Mother-reported CBQ effortful controla | 0.11 (4.03) | −1.56 (4.03) | 0.90 | (0.83–0.98)* |
| Father-reported CBQ negative affecta | −0.03 (2.68) | 0.12 (2.18) | 1.02 | (0.89–1.17) |
| Father-reported CBQ surgencya | −0.14 (2.78) | 0.87 (2.72) | 1.14 | (1.00–1.31)† |
| Father-reported CBQ effortful controla | 0.16 (3.74) | −1.56 (3.39) | 0.88 | (0.80–0.98)* |
| Teacher-reported positive emotional intensity | 26.18 (6.90) | 28.18 (7.79) | 1.04 | (0.98–1.11) |
| Teacher-reported negative emotional intensity | 16.94 (5.77) | 21.11 (5.83) | 1.13 | (1.04–1.22)** |
| Parental psychopathology, n (%) | ||||
| Parental lifetime depressive disorder | 177 (42.1) | 17 (45.9) | 1.17 | (0.59–2.29) |
| Parental lifetime anxiety disorder | 194 (46.3) | 16 (43.2) | 0.88 | (0.45–1.74) |
| Parental lifetime substance use disorder | 210 (50.1) | 25 (65.8) | 2.07 | (1.02–4.24)* |
| Mean observed parenting behavior (s.d.) | ||||
| Parental hostility | 1.19 (0.33) | 1.33 (0.51) | 2.23 | (1.10–4.50)* |
| Parental support | 4.49 (0.56) | 4.33 (0.68) | 0.67 | (0.41–1.10) |
| Mean marital satisfaction and life stress (s.d.) | ||||
| Dyadic Adjustment Scale | 15.99 (3.70) | 14.74 (4.50) | 0.93 | (0.85–1.01)† |
| Early stressors | 4.00 (2.70) | 4.89 (3.12) | 1.11 | (1.00–1.24)† |
DMDD, Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder; CI, confidence interval; CBCL-DP, Child Behavior Checklist – Dysregulation Profile; s.d., standard deviation; PPVT, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test; CBQ, Children’s Behavior Questionnaire.
a
CBQ values are reported as z scores.
†
p<0.10,
*
p<0.05,
**
p<0.01,
***
p<0.001.