Table 2. Prevalence of anti-HEV IgG, total anti-HAV Ig, HBsAg, and total anti-HCV Ig in Malawi*.
| Characteristic | HEV |
HAV |
HBsAg |
HCV |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. positive/no. tested | % Positive (95% CI) | No. positive/no. tested | % Positive (95% CI) | No. positive/no. tested | % Positive (95% CI) | No. positive/no. tested | % Positive (95% CI) | ||||
| Total cohort |
132/800 |
16.5
(13.9–19.1) |
|
777/780 |
99.6
(99.2–100.0) |
|
58/773 |
7.5
(5.6–9.4) |
|
55/779 |
7.1
(5.3–8.9) |
| HIV status | |||||||||||
| Negative | 80/397 | 20.2 (16.2–24.1) | 390/391 | 99.7 (99.2–100.0) | 32/388 | 8.2 (5.5–11.0) | 29/394 | 7.4 (4.8–10.0) | |||
| Positive |
52/403 |
12.9
(9.6–16.2) |
|
387/389 |
99.5
(98.8–100.0) |
|
26/385 |
6.8
(4.2–9.3) |
|
26/385 |
6.8
(4.2–9.3) |
| Sex | |||||||||||
| M | 45/246 | 18.3 (13.4–23.2) | 244/245 | 99.6 (98.8–100.0) | 25/245 | 10.2 (6.4–14.0) | 25/245 | 10.2 (6.4–14.0) | |||
| F |
87/554 |
15.7
(12.7–18.7) |
|
533/535 |
99.6
(99.1–100.0) |
|
33/528 |
6.3
(4.2–8.3) |
|
30/534 |
5.6
(3.7–7.6) |
| Study, period | |||||||||||
| ICAR, 1989–1995 | 6/70 | 8.6 (1.8–15.3) | 70/70 | 100.0 | 0/70 | 0.0 | 2/70 | 2.9 (−1.1–6.9) | |||
| SUCOMA, 1994–1999 | 37/178 | 20.8 (14.8–26.8) | 176/177 | 99.4 (98.3–100.0) | 21/178 | 11.8 (7.0–16.6) | 19/178 | 10.7 (6.1–15.3) | |||
| NVAZ, 2000–2003 | 19/165 | 11.5 (6.6–16.4) | 157/157 | 100.0 | 6/156 | 3.9 (0.8–6.9) | 8/148 | 5.4 (1.7–9.1) | |||
| MWANZA, 2001 | 13/100 | 13.0 (6.3–19.7) | 99/99 | 100.0 | 7/98 | 7.1 (2.0–12.3) | 9/99 | 9.1 (3.3–14.9) | |||
| METRO, 2003–2005 | 39/148 | 26.4 (19.2–33.5) | 141/142 | 99.3 (97.9–100.0) | 8/137 | 5.8 (1.9–9.8) | 9/146 | 6.2 (2.2–10.1) | |||
| PEPI,
2004–2009 |
18/139 |
12.9
(7.3–18.6) |
|
134/135 |
99.3
(97.8–100.0) |
|
16/134 |
11.9
(6.4–17.5) |
|
8/138 |
5.8
(1.8–9.7) |
| Age range, y | |||||||||||
| 15–19 | 15/77 | 19.5 (10.4–28.5) | 75/75 | 100.0 | 5/76 | 6.6 (0.9–12.3) | 6/75 | 8.0 (1.7–14.3) | |||
| 20–29 | 72/438 | 16.4 (13.0–19.9) | 424/426 | 99.5 (98.9–100.0) | 33/420 | 7.9 (5.3–10.4) | 30/424 | 7.1 (4.6–9.5) | |||
| 30–39 | 28/191 | 14.7 (9.6–19.7) | 185/186 | 99.5 (98.4–100.0) | 12/184 | 6.5 (2.9–10.1) | 12/186 | 6.5 (2.9–10.0) | |||
| 40–49 | 7/60 | 11.7 (3.3–20.0) | 59/59 | 100.0 | 3/59 | 5.1 (−0.7 to 10.9) | 3/60 | 5.0 (−0.7 to 10.7) | |||
| 50–59 | 6/18 | 33.3 (9.2–57.5) | 18/18 | 100.0 | 2/18 | 11.1 (−5.0 to 27.2) | 2/18 | 11.1 (−5.0 to 27.2) | |||
| 60–69 | 2/4 | 50.0 (−41.9 to 141.9) | 4/4 | 100.0 | 4/4 | 100.0 | 1/4 | 25.0 (−54.6 to 104.6) | |||
*HEV, hepatitis E virus; HAV, hepatitis A virus; HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; HCV, hepatitis C virus; ICAR, International Collaborations on AIDS Research; SUCOMA, a study of HIV prevalence among male workers for the Sugar Company of Malawi; NVAZ, a study of efficacy of nevirapine/zidovudinel postexposure prophylaxis to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV; MWANZA, a study of risk factors associated with prevalent HIV infection in the rural town of Malawi; METRO, a study in which efficacy of intravaginal metronidazole gel in reducing bacterial vaginosis was assessed; PEPI, a study of antiretroviral postexposure prophylaxis to prevent mother to child transmission of HIV.