Table 3. Crude and adjusted odds ratios for enterically transmitted hepatitis E virus, Malawi*.
| Characteristics | Crude OR | p value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Study, period | |||
| ICAR, 1989–1995 | Reference | NA | Reference |
| SUCOMA, 1994–1999 | 2.80 | 0.03 | 3.54 (0.75–16.76) |
| NVAZ, 2000–2003 | 1.39 | 0.51 | 1.59 (0.55–4.62) |
| MWANZA, 2001 | 1.59 | 0.37 | 1.85 (0.51–6.70) |
| METRO, 2003–2005 | 3.82 | 0.004 | 3.44 (1.37–8.67) |
| PEPI, 2004–2009 |
1.59 |
0.35 |
1.87 (0.64–5.49) |
| Enrollment year† |
1.02 |
0.38 |
NA |
| HIV status | |||
| HIV-negative | Reference | NA | Reference |
| HIV-positive |
0.59 |
0.01 |
0.72 (0.38–1.36) |
| Age, y† |
1.01 |
0.56 |
1.00 (0.97–1.02) |
| Age range, y | |||
| 15–19 | Reference | NA | NA |
| 20–29 | 0.81 | 0.51 | NA |
| 30–39 | 0.71 | 0.33 | NA |
| 40–49 | 0.55 | 0.22 | NA |
| 50–59 | 2.07 | 0.21 | NA |
| 60–69 |
4.13 |
0.17 |
NA |
| Sex | |||
| M | Reference | NA | 1.00 |
| F |
0.83 |
0.36 |
1.40 (0.41–4.76) |
| Setting | |||
| Rural | Reference | NA | NA |
| Urban |
0.85 |
0.41 |
NA |
| Running water in house | |||
| No | Reference | NA | 1.00 |
| Yes |
0.61 |
0.06 |
1.40 (0.41–4.76) |
| Electricity in house | |||
| No | Reference | NA | NA |
| Yes |
0.82 |
0.40 |
NA |
| Education | |||
| None | Reference | NA | NA |
| Any |
0.92 |
0.78 |
NA |
| Marital status | |||
| Married | Reference | NA | NA |
| Single |
0.60 |
0.14 |
NA |
| Employment status | |||
| Unemployed | Reference | NA | NA |
| Employed |
1.18 |
0.41 |
NA |
| Parity† | 0.90 | 0.61 | NA |
*OR, odds ratio; ICAR, International Collaborations on AIDS Research; SUCOMA, a study of HIV prevalence among male workers for the Sugar Company of Malawi; NVAZ, a study of efficacy of nevirapine/zidovudinel post-exposure prophylaxis to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV; MWANZA, a study of risk factors associated with prevalent HIV infection in the rural town of Malawi; METRO, a study in which efficacy of intravaginal metronidazole gel in reducing bacterial vaginosis was assessed; PEPI, a study of antiretroviral postexposure prophylaxis to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV; NA: not applicable. †Continuous variable.