Table 4. Crude odds ratios for the association of HBV and HCV with selected exposures in studies of hepatitis prevalence, Malawi, 1989–2009*.
| Characteristics | HBsAg |
HCV |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | p value | OR | p value | ||
| Study, period | |||||
| ICAR, 1989–1995 | Reference | NA | Reference | NA | |
| SUCOMA, 1994–1999 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 4.06 | 0.06 | |
| NVAZ, 2000–2003 | 0.30 | 0.01 | 1.94 | 0.41 | |
| MWANZA, 2001 | 0.57 | 0.23 | 3.40 | 0.13 | |
| METRO, 2003–2005 | 0.46 | 0.08 | 2.23 | 0.31 | |
| PEPI, 2004–2009 |
ND |
ND |
|
2.09 |
0.36 |
| Enrollment year, continuous |
1.07 |
0.06 |
|
1.00 |
0.96 |
| HIV status | |||||
| HIV-negative | Reference | NA | Reference | NA | |
| HIV-positive |
0.81 |
0.43 |
|
0.91 |
0.74 |
| Age, continuous, years |
0.99 |
0.68 |
|
1.00 |
0.79 |
| Age range, y | |||||
| 15–19 | Reference | NA | Reference | NA | |
| 20–29 | 1.21 | 0.70 | 0.88 | 0.78 | |
| 30–39 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.79 | 0.66 | |
| 40–49 | 0.76 | 0.72 | 0.61 | 0.49 | |
| 50–59 | 1.78 | 0.52 | 1.44 | 0.67 | |
| 60–69 |
ND |
ND |
|
3.83 |
0.28 |
| Sex | |||||
| M | Reference | NA | Reference | NA | |
| F |
0.59 |
0.05 |
|
0.52 |
0.02 |
| Setting | |||||
| Rural | Reference | NA | Reference | NA | |
| Urban |
0.57 |
0.04 |
|
0.51 |
0.02 |
| Running water in house | |||||
| No | Reference | NA | Reference | NA | |
| Yes |
1.00 |
1.00 |
|
0.74 |
0.43 |
| Electricity in house | |||||
| No | Reference | NA | Reference | NA | |
| Yes |
1.17 |
0.61 |
|
0.46 |
0.06 |
| Education | |||||
| None | Reference | NA | Reference | NA | |
| Any |
0.72 |
0.50 |
|
0.93 |
0.88 |
| Marital status | |||||
| Married | Reference | NA | Reference | NA | |
| Single |
1.90 |
0.07 |
|
0.42 |
0.15 |
| Employment | |||||
| Unemployed | Reference | NA | Reference | NA | |
| Employed |
1.61 |
0.09 |
|
1.45 |
0.19 |
| Parity (continuous) |
0.86 |
0.20 |
|
0.80 |
0.09 |
| Lifetime sex partners | |||||
| ≤1 | Reference | NA | Reference | NA | |
| >1 |
1.29 |
0.37 |
|
1.19 |
0.54 |
| History of STIs | |||||
| Never | Reference | NA | Reference | NA | |
| Ever |
0.63 |
0.29 |
|
0.79 |
0.57 |
| Condom use | |||||
| Never | Reference | NA | Reference | NA | |
| Ever |
0.75 |
0.38 |
|
0.95 |
0.88 |
| *HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; HCV, hepatitis C virus; OR, odds ratio; ICAR, International Collaborations on AIDS Research; SUCOMA, a study of HIV prevalence among male workers for the Sugar Company of Malawi; NVAZ, a study of efficacy of nevirapine/zidovudinel post-exposure prophylaxis to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV; MWANZA, a study of risk factors associated with prevalent HIV infection in the rural town of Malawi; METRO, a study in which efficacy of intravaginal metronidazole gel in reducing bacterial vaginosis was assessed; PEPI, a study of antiretroviral postexposure prophylaxis to prevent mother to child transmission of HIV; NA, not applicable; ND; no data; STI, sexually transmitted infection. | |||||