Table 1.

Frequently reported genetic mutations (G) and epigenetic aberrant DNA methylations (M) in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues.

Pathway	Gene	DNA alteration	Incidence (%)	Reported in circulation (Yes/No)	Ref.
Wnt signaling	APC	M/G	80–93/1–2	Yes	[11,18,38,75–80,82,176]
	SFRP1	M	42–63	Yes	[27,80,83–86,119]
	CTNNB1	G	19–33	No	[11,18,87–94,177]
	AXIN1	G	13–15	No	[11,12,18]
Cell cycle/ apoptosis	RASSF1A	M	55–85	Yes	[80,120,178–180]
	CDKN2A	M/G	50–70/5–10	Yes	[17,18,81,101,102,120,176,181]
	TP53	G	20–50	Yes	[11,18,60,87,182–185]
Telomere maintenance	TERT	G	29–59	No	[33,111]
mTOR signaling	PTEN	M/G	16–43/4–16	No	[18,117,118]
Chromatin remodeling	ARID1A	G	10–20	No	[11,18,19]
	ARID1B	G	5–10	No	[11,18,19]
	ARID2	G	5–18	No	[11,18,113]
JAK/STAT	SOCS1	M	50–93	No	[14,119,120]
	JAK1	G	9	No	[14,186]
Detoxification	GSTP1	M	38–80	Yes	[80,121,122]
Protease inhibitor	TFPI2	M	47	Yes	[124,125]