Table 1.
Clinical features of ocular DLE in each study.
| Reference/country | Study design | Age (years) | Ratio F : M | Ratio Monolateral : Bilateral |
Ocular manifestation | Ratio ANA P : N | Treatment | Duration before diagnosis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Feiler Ofry et al. (1979), Israel [17] | CR | 17 | 1 : 0 | 0 : 1 | Blepharoconjunctivitis | — | Hydroxychloroquine 500 mg/day |
48 |
|
| ||||||||
| Huey et al. (1983), USA [18] | CS | 28.2 ± 5.5 | 6 : 1 | 0 : 7 | Blepharoconjunctivitis | — | — | 48.2 ± 29.9 |
|
| ||||||||
| Donzis et al. (1984), USA [19] | CR | 39.5 ± 3.5 | 1 : 1 | 2 : 0 | Periorbital edema; lid lesions | 0 : 1 | Hydroxychloroquine∗ | 7 ± 7 |
|
| ||||||||
| Tosti et al. (1987), Italy [20] | CS | 53.3 ± 8.5 | 2 : 1 | 2 : 1 | Blepharitis | 0 : 3 | Chloroquine phosphate∗ | 36 ± 33.9 |
|
| ||||||||
| Ziv et al. (1986), Israel [21] | CR | 36 | 1 : 0 | 0 : 1 | Eyelid plaque | 0 : 1 | Hydroxychloroquine 500 mg/day; intralesional corticosteroid |
84 |
|
| ||||||||
| Raizman and Baum (1989), USA [23] | CS | 51 ± 16.9 | 1 : 1 | 2 : 0 | Stromal keratitis | 1 : 0 | Prednisolone acetate 1% eye drops | 1 |
|
| ||||||||
| Meiusi et al. (1991), USA [24] | CR | 29 | 0 : 1 | 1 : 0 | Lid lesion | — | — | 48 |
|
| ||||||||
| Cyran et al. (1992), USA [26] | CS | 48 ± 4.2 | 2 : 0 | 1 : 1 | Periorbital edema and erythema | 1 : 1 | Quinacrine 100 mg/day; hydroxychloroquine 200 mg twice; prednisone 40 mg/day |
62 ± 82 |
|
| ||||||||
| Bettis et al. (1993), USA [27] | CR | 21 | 0 : 1 | 0 : 1 | Blepharitis | 1 : 0 | — | — |
|
| ||||||||
| Gloor et al. (1997), USA [28] | CS | 42 ± 8.4 | 2.0 | 1 : 1 | Blepharitis | 1 : 0 | Hydroxychloroquine∗ | 32 ± 36.7 |
|
| ||||||||
| Uy et al. (1999), USA [29] | CR | 58 | 1 : 0 | 0 : 1 | Hypertrophic conjunctival mass | — | Hydroxychloroquine∗ | 180 |
|
| ||||||||
| Williams and Ramos-Caro (1999), USA [30] | CR | 36 | 1 : 0 | 0 : 1 | Periorbital mucinosis | 1 : 0 | Prednisone 60 mg/day; hydroxychloroquine 250 mg twice a day |
12 |
|
| ||||||||
| Akagi et al. (1999), Japan [31] | CS | 61 ± 2.8 | 2.0 | 0 : 2 | Plaque periocular regions | 1 : 0 | No treatment/spontaneous resolution | 9 ± 4.2 |
|
| ||||||||
| Gasior-Chrzan and Ingvarsson (1999), Norway [32] | CR | 66.5 ± 7.7 | 2 : 0 | 1 : 1 | Blepharitis | 0 : 2 | Hydroxychloroquine 200 mg twice |
42 ± 25.4 |
|
| ||||||||
| Galeone et al. (2014), Italy [33] | CR | 33 | 1 : 0 | 1 : 0 | Blepharitis; lid lesion | 1 : 0 | Hydroxychloroquine∗ | 36 |
|
| ||||||||
| Thorne et al. (2002), USA [34] | CS | 51.5 ± 34.6 | 2 : 0 | 0 : 2 | Blepharitis; symblepharon | 2 : 0 | Hydroxychloroquine; prednisolone 50 mg a day |
31.5 ± 40.3 |
|
| ||||||||
| Acharya et al. (2005), USA [35] | CS | 43 ± 12.27 | 4 : 1 | 5 : 0 | Chronic blepharoconjunctivitis | 0 : 5 | Hydroxychloroquine∗ | 106 ± 129.59 |
|
| ||||||||
| Giménez-García et al. (2005), Spain [36] | CR | 23 | 0 : 1 | 0 : 1 | Blepharitis | 0 : 1 | Hydroxychloroquine 250 mg/day | — |
|
| ||||||||
| Ena et al. (2005), Italy [37] | CR | 25 | 1 : 0 | 0 : 1 | Blepharitis | — | Hydroxychloroquine∗ | 24 |
|
| ||||||||
| Au (2006), UK [38] | CR | 39 | 0 : 1 | 1 : 0 | Blepharitis | — | Topical corticosteroid | 4 |
|
| ||||||||
| Pandhi et al. (2006), India [39] | CS | 47.5 ± 3.5 | 1 : 1 | 0 : 2 | Blepharoconjunctivitis | 1 : 1 | Hydroxychloroquine 500 mg/day |
— |
|
| ||||||||
| Koga et al. (2006), Japan [40] | CR | 39 | 1 : 0 | 1 : 0 | Lid erosive erythema | 0 : 1 | Prednisolone 10 mg/day |
144 |
|
| ||||||||
| Gunasekera et al. (2008), UK [41] | CR | 24 | 1 : 0 | 1 : 0 | Lid lesion | — | Hydroxychloroquine 200 mg twice |
2 |
|
| ||||||||
| Ricotti et al. (2008), USA [42] | CR | 38 | 1 : 0 | 1 : 0 | Lid lesion and edema | 0 : 1 | Mycophenolate mofetil 1 g twice daily and hydroxychloroquine∗ | 60 |
|
| ||||||||
| Vukicevici and Milobratovic (2010), Serbia [43] | CR | 56 | 1 : 0 | 1 : 0 | Blepharoconjunctivitis | 1 : 0 | Hydroxychloroquine 500 mg/day |
— |
|
| ||||||||
| Yaghoobi et al. (2010), Iran [44] | CR | 28 | 1 : 0 | 0 : 1 | Blepharitis | — | Hydroxychloroquine∗ | 24 |
|
| ||||||||
| Papalas et al. (2011), USA [45] | CS | 52.1 ± 17.1 | 7 : 1 | 7 : 1 | Eyelid lesions and plaques | — | CO2 laser; topical corticosteroid and ointment | 26.3 ± 21.2 |
|
| ||||||||
| Serarslan et al. (2011), Turkey [46] | CR | 33 | 1 : 0 | 1 : 0 | Periorbital edema and erythema | 0 : 1 | Hydroxychloroquine 200 mg twice |
24 |
|
| ||||||||
| Gupta et al. (2012), UK [47] | CS | 46.8 ± 14 | 6 : 1 | 4 : 3 | Periorbital swelling; blepharitis | 1.4 | Hydroxychloroquine∗; spontaneous resolution; intralesional corticosteroid |
37.57 ± 28.78 |
|
| ||||||||
| Erras et al. (2012), Morocco [48] | CR | 26 | 1 : 0 | 0 : 1 | Eyelid swelling | 0 : 1 | Hydroxychloroquine∗ | — |
|
| ||||||||
| Ghauri et al. (2012), UK [49] | CS | 43.5 ± 9.7 | 4 : 0 | 4 : 0 | Blepharitis; lid lesion | — | Hydroxychloroquine∗ | 68.25 ± 67.2 |
|
| ||||||||
| Kopsachilis et al. (2013), Greece [50] | CR | 45 | 1 : 0 | 0 : 1 | Blepharitis | — | Hydroxychloroquine 200 mg twice |
144 |
|
| ||||||||
| Arrico et al. (2014), Italy [51] | CR | 37 | 1 : 0 | 1 : 0 | Proptosis and orbital myositis | 1 : 0 | Methylprednisolone (1 g/day) for 3 days followed by oral prednisolone 20 mg/day |
— |
|
| ||||||||
| Kono et al. (2014), Japan [52] | CR | 42 | 1 : 0 | 0 : 1 | Orbital myositis | 1 : 0 | Methylprednisolone 1 g/day for three days followed by oral prednisolone 20 mg/day |
120 |
CR: case report; CS: case series; F: female; M: male; P: positive; N: negative.
∗Dosage not specified.