Table 1.

Mean effects of solution cadmium (Cd) concentration, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) inoculation, and grafting combination on root mycorrhizal colonization, fruit yield, leaf area, dry weight biomass, and root to shoot ratio of tomato plants.

Treatment	Root AM colonization (%)	Fruit yield (kg plant-1)	Dry biomass (g plant-1)		Root to Shoot ratio	Leaf area (m2 plant-1)
			Shoot	Root
Cd level (μM)
0	38.2	2.82	214.9	25.4	0.122	2.16
25	34.3	2.48	163.6	20.5	0.122	1.83
AM fungi
−AM	0.0	2.70	192.8	22.0	0.120	2.01
+AM	72.5	2.59	185.8	24.1	0.123	1.98
Grafting combinationa
I/I	33.7	2.49	181.8	21.4	0.116	1.90
I/M	38.8	2.81	196.7	24.7	0.128	2.09
Significanceb
Cd	*	***	***	***	NS	***
AM fungi (M)	***	NS	NS	*	NS	NS
Grafting (G)	**	***	**	**	*	***
Cd × M	*	*	**	NS	NS	NS
Cd × G	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
Cd × M	**	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
Cd × M × G	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS

^aI/I = self-grafted Ikram cultivar; I/M = Ikram cultivar grafted onto Maxifort rootstock.

^bNS, Non-significant; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.